Health, Safety and Hygiene - 1412 Words

Sheet 3: Health, safety and hygiene For this assessor visit, you will need to carry out a snack or mealtime routine in your placement. You will need to talk to your placement supervisor about this. Do this at least a week ahead of your assessor visit. Purpose: This visit will focus on your understanding of the Health and Safety and Food Management policies and procedures in your placement. You should be able to give your assessor a tour of the placement pointing out the relevant aspects. You also need to be aware of the Child Protection policy and the procedures relating to recording and reporting of child protection issues. You will need to explain how children’s nutritional needs are met. You will need to carry out a snack or†¦show more content†¦Y/N 4.1. Demonstrate how equipment and each area of the setting are kept clean and hygienic. Y/N 2.3. Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas. Y/N 4.2. Demonstrate and evaluate measures taken in the setting to prevent cross-infection. Y/N CYP 3.4 (Edexcel 4) 2.3. Undertake a health and safety risk assessment in own work setting or service illustrating how its implementation will reduce risk. Y/N 6.2. Explain the regulations concerning management of medicines and how these are interpreted in the work setting. Y/N 2.4. Explain how health and safety risk assessments are monitored and reviewed. Y/N 6.3. Explain how to protect themselves when lifting and handling children and equipment in the work setting. Y/N CYP 3.6 (Edexcel 6) 3.3. Analyse the potential tension between maintaining confidentiality with the need to disclose information: ââ€"  where abuse of a child or young person is suspected ââ€"  when it is suspected that a crime has been/may be committed. Y/N 5.1 Identify balanced meals, snacks and drinks for children in their early years, following current government guidance on nutritional needs. Y/N SCMP 2 (Edexcel 18) 4.3. Assess any risks or concerns to the health and well being of children and young people and take appropriate action. Y/N 5.2 Recognise why it is important to follow carers’ instructions in respect of their child’s foodShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Hand Hygiene797 Words   |  4 PagesHand hygiene is simply the act of cleansing one’s hands. When done properly, it removes or destroys microorganisms on hands which cause diseases. It is very effective in preventing health care infections. Different ways of achieving hand hygiene include washing with soap and water or applying a waterless antimicrobial hand rub to the hands commonly known as sanitizing. Health care associated infections (HAI’s) are a infections that patients acquire when they are receiving treatment for other conditionsRead MoreHand Hygiene Nursing Safety Goals1519 Words   |  7 Pageseverywhere and have become one of the most helpful tools of our generation, they have their drawbacks. 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The risk of clinicians, patients, and visitors not complying with hand hygiene protocols creates a practice problemRead MoreImportance Of Hand Hygiene On Health Care Environment1288 Words   |  6 Pages Importance of Hand Hygiene to Patient Safety in the Health Care Environment Sarah Eatmon Baker University School of Nursing Importance of Hand Hygiene to Patient Safety in the Health Care Environment Hospital acquired infections (HAI’s) affect over 1.7 million patients each year, causing almost 100,000 deaths annually, in the United States (Johnson, 2010). According to the World Health Organization, HAI’s are the most frequent adverse event in the healthcare industry. Fortunately, mostRead MoreGuidelines For Preventing Disease Control970 Words   |  4 PagesAs described by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) hand hygiene is a general term for removing microorganisms with a disinfecting agent such as routine hand washing with soap and water, antiseptic hand rub, or surgical hand antisepsis (2016). The CDC indicates that proper hand hygiene before and after patient care is the most important aspect to prevent the spread of infections that cause hospital acquired infections (HAI). HAIs are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatmentRead MoreEvaluation And Control Of Environmental Stresses And Occupational Health Hazards Arising From The Workplace 1028 Words   |  5 Pagesstresses or occupational health hazards arising from the workplace. SCOPE This procedure applies to the operation of the manufacturing processes located at the Company Name manufacturing facility in Cambridge, Ontario. 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Dy, Cedric Vladimir U. Tan, Julian Jacob Y. ENGLRES Free Essays

Dy, Cedric Vladimir U. Tan, Julian Jacob Y. ENGLRES C-31 First Draft 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Dy, Cedric Vladimir U. Tan, Julian Jacob Y. ENGLRES or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 Factors of a mixed economy The factors of a mixed economy usually consist of a selection of freedoms like possessing means of production examples like farms, plants stores. Another is that people are free to contribute in administrative decisions (Mattick, 1969). They are also free to travel so that transportation of products may be possible, business transaction may also be made because of traveling, it can also allow personnel to go places they are required to go to (1969). People also have the freedom of buying or selling required materials or products for private use or for merchandising to (1969). Personnel hiring or firing is also authorized to the owner of a company to maximize or uphold his association’s regular production of wealth to (1969). Making transaction, forge business partnerships, generate markets are also possible because the people are permitted to communicate freely in newspapers, books, advertisement to (1969). They also have the right to peacefully protest about the government to (1969). CED According to Ikeda, they are also given the right to benefit from the state owned facilities, transportation, and services that are financed through the citizen’s tax similar to libraries, roads, schools, hospitals, banks, communication services and water systems (1997). CED Ikeda also said that in spite of all this freedoms, the government provided some rule and regulation to control citizens like guidelines for the environmental, consumers, incorporation laws and tariffs and quotas to manage import and export (1997). CED 3. To possess means of production The people in China had the freedom to the means of production. Materials that are used by people to make products are the means of production (Evans, 1975). According to Mattick, the instruments of labor and subjects of labor are the two types of means of production (1969). Evans said that tools, factories and infrastructures are examples of the instruments of labor while natural resources for materials are subjects of labor (1975). Therefore, as Mattick said with the instruments of labor, people work on the subjects of abor to create a desired product (1969). CED 3. 1. 1 Allowed to utilize farms for profit When China reformed citizens were allowed to utilize farms for their income. Dawson concurs that the power of the â€Å"central commune administration† continued to decrease and in the end the farms were returned (1970). Sanders says that because the commune structure was fully broken down a new system was implemented, the contract responsibility system as the governmental model for the whole nation (2008). Responsibility system was implemented for 98 percent of all the farms before the year 1984 ended and almost all communes have been ended (1970). According to Sanders, because of an increase of the number of free markets for farm products and improved promotion potential and growing output farm incomes quickly increased (2008). CED 3. 1. 2Permitted to construct factories and stores Sanders said that as a way of putting a stop to the youth’s unemployment and together increase the materials of â€Å"light industrial products† (2008). According to MacFarquhar, after the Cultural Revolution, private-owned businesses were also permitted (1987). Streets were normally filled with vendors like tinkers, tailors and cobblers (1987). CED Lardy said that because of the independence of company managers innovation increased. The quotas were no longer given that much importance compared to before. Companies also produced a lot of new product for the market. The government also allowed the compensation from good output with the use of bonuses. Because of this foreign firms were officially recognized in order for China to enter international trade (2007). CED 3. 2 To organize private and state enterprises In a state enterprise the organization is owned and organized by the state. Some examples of state enterprises are utilities like gas and electricity, telecommunications, and transportation (Vernon, 1981). Private enterprise is an organization that is free from state possession and management (Thirkell, 1948). CED 3. 2. 1Capitalism and Socialism There are many different ideas or systems of how an economy should be run. The two most common are capitalism and socialism. They are very different in how they view who runs the economy. Most economies have ideas from both systems, and become more of one than the other. CED According to Woodbey, capitalism is an economic system wherein manufacturing and giving out of merchandise are done by private or corporate enterprises (1903). Neznanov said that capitalists believe that the state should not intervene in the economy (1983). He also said that they also believe that the efficiency of the economy will be caused by the laws of supply and demand (1983). There is a high competition in supplying or receiving a service or product in capitalism, suppliers compete with each other and consumers compete with each other (Woodbey, 1903). The suppliers want to get a good deal on their product while the consumers want to get the cheapest deal in buying their products (1903). CED Novack said that the state should be in authority on manufacturing and giving out of products in socialism (1970). This contrasts with capitalism where free markets and property is privately owned. Woodbey says that capitalism is described by competition while socialism is described by cooperation (1903). CED Lichtheim said that in the late eighteenth century at the time of Industrial Revolution, many of the laborers were becoming poor and so the owners of the factories became rich (1983). According to him, therefore, the laborers asked for share from the industry’s income (1983). Thus, because of the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels socialism was then called communism (1983). CED How to cite Dy, Cedric Vladimir U. Tan, Julian Jacob Y. ENGLRES, Essay examples

Brand Switching free essay sample

Findings show that there is a difference depending upon whether switching behavior was induced by extrinsic (e. g. , price, coupon) or intrinsic (e. g. , a desire to try a new brand) incentives. Unlike intrinsically induced switching, extrinsic incentives motivated consumers to switch despite a high level of satisfaction with the last purchased brand. However, this switching behavior resulted in weaker intentions to repurchase the new brand. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: Consumer decision to purchase a product brand different from that previously or usually purchased. Brand switching can be instigated by price promotions, in-store displays, superior availability, perceived improvements or innovations in competitive brands, desire for novelty, number of available brands, perceived risk, frequency of purchase, changes in quality, or level of satisfaction with the most recent purchase. Brand switching is most common with products that have no great perceived variation in quality across brands such as bottled water, dairy products, or paper towels. brand loyalty. Sometimes known as brand jumping, brand switching is the process of choosing to switch from routine use of one product or brand to steady usage of a different but similar product. Much of the advertising process is aimed at encouraging brand switching among consumers, thus helping to grow market share for a given brand or set of brands. Convincing consumers to switch brands is sometimes a difficult task. It is not unusual for customers to build up a great deal of brand loyalty due to such factors as quality, price, and availability. To encourage switching brands, advertisers will often target these three areas as part of the strategy of encouraging brand switching. Price is often an important factor to consumers who are tight budgets. For this reason, advertisers will often use a price comparison model to entice long time users of one brand to try a new one. The idea is to convince the end user that it is possible to purchase the same amount of product while spending less money. Ideally, this means that the consumer can use the savings for other purchases, possibly even a luxury item of some sort. The idea of more discretionary resources in the monthly budget can be an effective in the encouragement of jumping brands. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To find out the reason why consumers switch brands. 2. To analyse the frequency of switching the brands. 3. To analyse whether the brand switching behaviour of the customer is affected by marketing mix. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: 1. To analyse the brand switching behaviour of the consumers. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE: The importance of customer value and brand switching are highlighted by combining these concepts in one study. The influences and antecedents of brand switching have been researched extensively. Brand switching is primarily attributed to an inherent variety drive referred to as ‘variety seeking’. This implies that sometimes the consumers do not evaluate the product characteristics when making a choice, they rather satisfy an inherent need for variety regardless of the product attributes of the objects switched to or from. Psychological variables influencing brand choice include preference, attitude, satisfaction and intention. Although the consumer evaluates objects favorably, brand switching still occurs. Many authors stress the importance of situational variables on brand choice, but still some unexplained variance remains. In the recent past much research focussed on customer value delivery on multiple dimensions, namely benefits. They include functional, emotional and social benefits. This viewpoint on perception of benefits is different from evaluation of mere product attributes in that customer value includes judgements of a branded product on a more abstract basis, that is, the consumer translates these characteristics into a subjective meaning. For example, the consumer interprets the objective price as cheap or expensive, which is reflected in value for money of the branded product. Furthermore the consumer might not switch brands because of different colors or shapes of the product or the brand name but rather because of what these attributes communicate to others, which is reflected by social benefit. Accordingly, it is postulated that consumers are guided by benefits sought when choosing branded products and customers perceive brands in terms of benefits provided. Thus, the present study addresses the question of whether benefits sought by consumers influence brand switching behavior. This relationship is investigated across four frequently purchased product groups. Furthermore, in order to shed more light into benefits sought by various consumer groups, consumer characteristics such as demographics and lifestyle are included in the research. This thesis also investigates if consumer characteristics determine brand choice. The phenomenon of brand switching has long been of interest to marketing researchers (Bass 1974). A knowledge of the pattern of switching among brands serves as the basic input in studying a variety of marketing issues including market structure analysis (Grover and Srinivasan 1987; Jain, Bass, and Chen 1990; Kalwani and Morrison 1977; Lehmann 1972; Rao and Sabavala 1981), determining the effectiveness of marketing actions and developing marketing strategies (Carpenter and Lehmann 1985; Colombo and Morrison 1989; Zufryden 1986), and understanding household purchase behavior (Givon 1984; Jeuland 1979; Lattin and McAlister 1985). The early efforts at modeling brand-switching behavior (e. . , Kuehn 1962; Morrison 1966) provided a useful, parsimonious representation of the influence of the immediate past purchase on the current purchase. However, those studies were limited to the extent that they did not incorporate the effects of explanatory variables such as price, feature advertisements, special displays, and household-specific characteristics on the transition probabilities. A co nsiderable body of evidence shows that choice probabilities are influenced by marketing and other variables (e. g. , Guadagni and Little 1983). Such explanatory variables therefore must be included in any analysis of brand-switching behaviour. When marketing mix variables have a significant impact on brand-switching behaviour and when they change over time, the transition probabilities will be non stationary. This property adds an extra element of complexity to the empirical analysis as it is not possible to estimate the transition probabilities from an aggregate brand-switching matrix. One of our objectives, therefore, is to present a framework that can accommodate non stationary transition probabilities. Another important component of the dynamics of a households purchase behaviour is the purchase-timing decision. Accordingly, several models have been developed over the years to characterize the probability distribution underlying the interpurchase times (e. g. , Chatfield and Goodhardt 1973; Dunn, Reader, and Wrigley 1983; Ehrenberg 1959; Helsen and Schmittlein 1989; Herniter 1971; Jain and Vilcassim 1991; Jeuland, Bass, and Wright 1980; Lawrence 1980; Zufryden 1978; among others). A noteworthy aspect of these studies is that the brand choice decision is not investigated jointly with the purchase-timing decision. Likewise, most studies that have analyzed brand choice behavior (e. g. , Guadagni and Little 1983; Krishnamurthi and Raj 1988; Zufryden 1986) have not modeled the timing of purchases. The exception is the study by Gupta (1988), in which brand choice and purchase timing are both considered. As argued by Hauser and Wisniewski (1982), purchase timing and brand choice are mutually dependent and both household-level decisions are influenced by managerial controls such as coupons, price, special displays, and feature advertisements, as well as by household-specific characteristics. Household brand-switching and purchase-timing decisions may be affected by unobserved factors. For example, the brand choice decisions of a household are influenced by the structure of preferences of household members, but the preference structure cannot be observed. Only choices made or the revealed preferences can be observed. Further, two households with the same household characteristics, when confronted with the same choice situation, may make different choicesthey respond differently to the marketing controls of sellers. One way of capturing this phenomenon of unobserved heterogeneity is to develop and estimate a model for each household. However, in most practical situations this approach would not be feasible because of the lack of a sufficient number of observations on purchases for each household. If the parameters were estimated with short purchase strings for each household, the estimates would have serious small-sample problems (i. e. , bias, inefficiency). Moreover, a homogeneous aggregate model would fail to capture the heterogeneity across households. A reasonable compromise is to allow some parameters to be the same for all households, but let certain other parameters (generally, a single parameter) vary across households. The latter set of parameters would capture the unobserved heterogeneity across households. Substantively, this compromise is important because the estimates of the included explanatory variables would be contaminated if unobserved heterogeneity were omitted from the specification (Heckman and Singer 1984; Lancaster 1979). We note that previous studies of brand switching have not considered the effects of unobserved heterogeneity. The objective of our study therefore is to build on previous studies and complement them by developing a single framework to analyze brand-switching patterns and purchase-timing decisions of households, while incorporating the effects of marketing mix variables, household-specific characteristics, and unobserved heterogeneity. We analyze brand-switching behavior as a Markov process. The brand choice decision is handled via a finite discrete-state space. However, unlike a Markov chain formulation in which the time between transitions is fixed, our analysis treats the time between transitions as a random variable that follows some probability distribution. The resulting formulation is therefore a semi-Markov model that incorporates in a single framework both purchase timing and brand switching. We note that such a general semi-Markov formulation has been suggested by Hauser and Wisniewski (1982). However, their formulation posed certain difficult, if not intractable, econometric estimation problems. Our work builds on their approach, but we reformulate the semi-Markov model as a proportional hazard model in continuous time (Cox 1972). The advantage is that the econometric estimation of a proportional hazard model is more tractable than that of a semi-Markov model. Further, the proportional hazard formulation enables us to test easily among competing probability distributions for the inter purchase times that have been proposed in the literature. The proportional hazard model has been used widely in the social sciences to analyse problems involving duration data (Heckman and Singer 1984; Lancaster 1979; among others). Such a model has been used to study household purchase-timing decisions at the product-category level (Jain and Vilcassim 1991). Helsen and Schmittlein (1989) describe the usefulness of this methodology in analysing a variety of marketing problems. In the next section we describe the model formulation and show how the semi-Markov model can be reformulated as a proportional hazard model in continuous time. We also briefly describe the methodology for estimating the parameters of the model. In the third section, we discuss the marketing implications of the empirical results obtained from analysing the IRI household There are many theories that are available to explain how consumers make product and/or brand choices. 1. The expectance-value model argues that consumers assign scores to two parameters and make a mental calculation before making a decision. The first parameter is the degree to which consumers expect a pleasurable outcome. The second parameter is the value the consumers ascribe to a favorable outcome. This model is insufficient to explain the phenomenon because people have limited brand information and limited mental processing capabilities. . The economists view of consumer behavior hypothesizes that consumers seek information until the marginal value that is gained is less than the cost of securing knowledge of the product. This model is also not acceptable since in many cases consumers are unable to acquire perfect information. 3. Chernatony and McDonald propose a more accepted model for brand buying behavior. It argues that the making of a brand purchase is determined by consume rs seeking and evaluating small amounts of information. Consumer relies only on few piece of information with which they feel confident to help them decide how the brand might perform. The amount of information that consumer seek may be determined by various factors such as time pressure, previous experience, advice from friends and the level of involvement in the brand purchase. In recent years many researchers have studied brand choice and switching. The scope of these studies not only includes the analysis of the factors that affect the consumers brand choice and switching, but it also helps to analyze the future demand situation. There has been always a shift in consumer brand loyalty and favors it can be because of lack of consistency in quality, high cost of raw materials or profit motives so as to increase the sales figure. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: 1. The impact of variety of advertisements of various products can deeply affects the minds of the customers to switch brands. Most of the customers aren’t loyal. And even if they are loyal they tend to use the other product and finally get attached to it. 2. One bad experience with the product can make the consumers do brand jumping from one product to another. . Intrinsic desire of variety and situational factors can often lead to brand switching. 4. The customers determine their preferred brands but tend to switch among them just to satisfy their need for variety or to refresh their memories about brands purchased in the past. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION: 1. They switch among brands in order to learn about the product offer and to seek information 2. Brand switcher who are high in price consciousness (shown high perception for value for money), tend to prefer free gift, price discount. It means that high price consciousness customers are more likely to switch to other brands when they are attracted by these promotional tools which are not the case with brand loyal customers. Thus price discount and free gift plays important promotional tool for customer to switch to other shampoo brand. 3. Brand loyal customers are more likely to change to other brands because of the contents about good product quality and good brand image, whereas the effectiveness of the aspects about good value for money impacts brand switchers. 4. It can change depending upon the demographic and lifestyle characteristics. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. An analysis of models for consumer brand-switching behaviour,P. Kotler, Marketing Management (Prentice-Hall, 7th edn, 1991) 2. Jacoby, J. and Chestnut, R. W. , 1978, Brand Loyalty: Measurement Management (John Wiley amp; Sons, New York). 3. Punniyamoorthy, M and Prasanna Mohan Raj, An empirical model for brand loyalty measurement, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Volume 15, Number 4, September 2007 , pp. 222-233(12) 4. Dick, Alan S. and Kunal Basu (1994), Customer Loyalty: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22 (2), 99-113. 5. Evaluating the effect of Consumer Sales Promotion on Brand Switching and Brand Loyal segments by Komal Nagar 6. Brand Relationships and Switching Behaviour for Highly Used Products in Young Consumers by Arvind Sahay and Nivedita Sharma 7. Examine the Factors Influencing Brand-switching: the Effects of Advertising and Promotion by Xueling Luo(2006) 8. Other sources from the internet.

Parapsychology Essays - Parapsychology, Pseudoscience,

Parapsychology In the past centuries people have been becoming more and more curious about the unexplainable things all around them. They are always asking why does this happen? and is that really true? Not until recently have scientists and others actually tried to find out for themselves. Many of their searches evolved around the paranormal. Soon they called their search parapsychology Parapsychology can be defined as the study of apparent new means of communication, or exchange of influence between organisms and environment, (CRL Parapsychology FAQ 2). It can also be considered the science that lies beyond psychology. But for easier terms it is many often times called the scientific study of certain unusual events associated with human experience. These experiments have been called psychic for want of a better term (KPU-Research 2). The experiments study the unique experiences and an unknown capability of the human mind that suggests consciousness is capable of interacting with the physical world that is not always recognized by science. But, it is not beyond science`s ability to investigate (Some common terms in parapsychology 1). Parapsychology has also been coined an anomalous cognition and clairsentience (Psychic Phenomena [The Omniverse] 1). Often parapsychology is shortened to PSI. Parapsychology is not the study of just anything paranormal or bizarre. It is not concerned with astrology, UFO`s, Bigfoot, paganism, vampires, alchemy or witchcraft. It is often linked inappropriately with a broad range of psychic entertainers, magicians and so-called paranormal investigators (CRL Parapsychology FAQ 3). What often passes for psychic is actually fraud, delusion or fantasy (Consciousness Research Laboratory Home Page 1). There are many subjects involved in PSI. They are telepathy, ESP, Premonition/Precognition, NDE, Clairvoyance, Reincarnation, Haunting, OBE, Psychokinesis/Telekinesis, Poltergeist, and channeling. Telepathy literally means distant feeling/perception. It is generally considered to be energy transference between sentient creatures. Where at least one party will be absorbing the thoughts/feelings of the other into its mind (Psychic Phenomena [The Omniverse] 2). It is direct mind-to-mind communication, commonly thought of as mind reading but actually rarely involves perception of thoughts, and does not logically require communication between two minds (CRL Parapsychology FAQ 2). Telepathy should not be considered an OBE (out of body experience) of any kind. The body is not transcended in a spiritual sense, but thought processes or energies might be brought toward the mind and body. It sometimes is considered to be the means of communication with the other side, or afterlife and those already residing there. In some cases it is considered remote viewing (Psychic Phenomena [The Omniverse] 4). In other cases it is explained as clairvoyance or precognition (CRL Parapsychology FAQ 4). By definition you can not practice telepathy on your own, a person has to adapt to it. It has not been possible to do in practice; to find out exactly who the other person is with whom you are interacting (Telepathy 2). Telepathy can take years to develop, it does not just happen. It can actually be a symptom of a mental disorder; this makes it awkward to research. It can happen like this, a person who has lived in a childhood which was not ideal (abusive) stores anger in the cortex of the brain. After about 25 years the natural defense mechanism begins to break down and the consequence is inner thoughts that can be very loud and may appear as telepathy. It happens that the brain does not want to associate the thoughts with what happened, so the person convinces himself it is telepathy. And in some cases this will work and in others it will not and a mental illness can result. ESP stands for Extra-Sensory Perception. It is a general term for obtaining information about events beyond the reach of the normal senses (CRL Parapsychology FAQ 2). It can be considered telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, and psychic experiences (Some common terms in Parapsychology 1). Premonition/Precognition is the ability to obtain information about future events, where the information could not be inferred though normal means. Many people report dreams that appear to be precognition (CRL Parapsychology FAQ 3). It literally means pre-knowing. And is usually considered to be visions, wherein the seer witnesses an event that may or may not happen. It is taken seriously by a great number of people, yet it still is scientifically unproven. The converse application would be postcogniton (Psychic Phenomena [The Omniverse] 4). Psychokinesis/Telekinesis literally means distant motion. It is mind over matter. It includes moving objects with the mind and disruption or affecting the molecular composition of an object. Levitation and spoon bending are common examples. It also includes the sub-category of pyrokinesis.

Celibacy and Catholic Priests Essays

Celibacy and Catholic Priests Essays Celibacy and Catholic Priests Essay Celibacy and Catholic Priests Essay In today’s universe. many wonder why Catholic priests can’t acquire married and have a household of their ain. This issue and inquiry can be boiled down into one word: celibacy. Bing celibate is defined as being One who abstains from sexual intercourse. particularly by ground of spiritual vows. harmonizing to thefreedictionary. com. This definition is non understood by many because the idea of holding a life without sex is intolerable. particularly in today’s society. By researching this subject in deepness. one can understand why celibacy is an of import factor of the Catholic priesthood. Harmonizing to Father Kenneth Doyle of the Catholic News Service. priests hold this sacred vow for three peculiar grounds: it closely resembles Christ Who was unmarried. it shows and proves that love can be present without being physical. and it allows a adult male to give all of his energy to the Lord instead than to a household. In understanding how celibacy became so of import. we have to look at its history. peculiarly at the 3rd. 4th. eleventh. and 16th centuries. harmonizing to John O’Malley in his article Some Basicss About Celibacy ( 8 ) . In the 3rd century. within the early Church. many priests and even most of the apostles of Jesus were work forces with married womans and households. It was a common characteristic among the early Church. and even some of the Holy Fathers. or Popes. were known to be married and have kids. It is clear that during this clip period. the patristic epoch and early Middle Ages. celibacy was non enforced and non of import within the Church. Early on in this century. Constantine’s acknowledgment of Christianity brought about position alteration for all Christians: because they were non being oppressed and martyred they looked for new ways to follow Christ and dispute themselves to give their lives for Him. John W. O’Malley writes. With St. Jerome ( 345-4 20 ) . every bit good as many others. virginity for those espoused to Christ began to be extolled with new ardor and consistence. This became the edifice block for statute law and more instructions on the topic of celibacy ( 9 ) . O’Malley points out that the 4th century brought approximately more alteration for Christians as they came out of concealment in the catacombs ( 9 ) . The Council of Elvira was held in 305. which consisted of 19 bishops every bit good as a figure of priests. deacons. and laypeople. O’Malley writes that Canon 33 was a merchandise of this council and that it was the first piece of statute law that dealt with the issue of the clergy and matrimony. It reads: It has seemed good perfectly to prohibit the bishops. the priests. and the deacons. i. e. . all the churchmans in the service of the ministry. to hold dealingss with their married womans and procreate kids ; should anyone make so. allow him be excluded from the award of the clergy. ( 9 ) This decree changed things. because it made a tradition into a jurisprudence. and any who violated it would be punished. This edict was truly meant to set continency or temperateness on married clergy. because the thought of mirroring Christ and holding complete dedication to the sacraments was going more of import. every bit good as seeking to take by illustration as clergy to the laypeople. This was really of import in puting up what would alter in the 11th century as more important figures wanted to set up order and put things right within the Church ( 9 ) . Harmonizing to O’Malley. the 11th century sought to retrieve from the Dark Ages and was able to recover patristic epoch canon jurisprudence aggregations ( 10 ) . These recovered canon jurisprudence aggregations contained Torahs related to the thought of celibacy and acted as maps or designs for a series of holy and avid Catholic Popes for 35 old ages. who were determined to put order in the Church and society ( 10 ) . During this clip the pontificate established a regulation of authorization and power. which far surpassed anything that preceded it. and began reforming the Church. The reformists had the chief end of seeking to acquire the clergy’s behaviours and actions to mirror the antediluvian canon Torahs interpreted by the reformists. and were endeavoring to do the clergy and the Church more sanctum in nature. One of the greatest Catholic Popes in history was Pope Gregory VII who came into office towards the terminal of the motion. Thankss to his attempts. the juris prudence of celibacy began to look in the signifier that would most resemble today’s signifier. which is the prohibition of the ordained from being married before or after ordination ( 10 ) . The 16th century saw the beginnings of the reformation. where the thought of celibacy was challenged and questioned by Luther and others. who broke off from the Church and who were besides married. The Council of Trent was the Church’s response to the Protestants ; it solidified what celibacy means today for the Church and condemned three ideas on celibacy. Harmonizing to O’Malley. these were as follows: First. that churchmans in major orders and spiritual priests who have made a grave vow of celibacy can validly contract matrimony ; 2nd. that the ordinance of celibacy is a depreciation of matrimony ; and 3rd. that those who. after doing a grave vow of celibacy. can non detect it are free to contract marriage ( 11 ) . O’Malley points out that the jurisprudence has been modified. Canon 277. which is observed and practiced today. reads: Clerics are obliged to detect perfect and ageless continency for the interest of the land of Eden and therefore are obliged to detect celibacy. which is a particular gift of God. by which sacred curates can adhere more easy to Christ with an undivided bosom and can more freely give themselves to the service of God and world. ( 11 ) Continuing to plunge deeper into the subject of celibacy. it is of import to do a differentiation between the Catholic instructions of tenet and subject. Harmonizing to Catholic Answers. tenet are instructions within the Catholic Church that will neer alter. and a subject can alter. As Catholic Answers points out. because of the many different fluctuations of celibacy in the Eastern Rite Catholics. Orthodox and Oriental Christians where married priests are rather common. celibacy is a disciplinary regulation. non a tenet like the Trinity is. Of class there are regulations and ordinances on matrimony and being ordained in those countries that have married clergy. but it is the tradition in the Western or Roman Catholic Church that their clergy take a vow of celibacy ; exclusions can be made for Roman Catholic Priests who are married because they converted after being Lutheran or some other denomination. Many Fundamentalists attack celibacy as being a subject or pattern that goes against the Holy Bible and against nature itself because Genesis 1:28 says to. Be fruitful and multiply. As Catholic Answers points out. many besides argue that celibacy itself leads to perversion or that it can do illicit sexual behaviour. which is merely non true. It is true that many people are called to be married in their lives. but Catholics Answers provinces. †¦The career of celibacy is explicitly advocated- as good as practiced- by both Jesus and Paul . Therefore. it is easy to see why celibacy is a really intricate and of import portion of the priesthood. because it allows the priests to be more like Jesus and have a more affiliated relationship with the Father and the people they curate to. merely like Jesus Himself. Paul understands the importance of celibacy and complete dedication to the Lord by stating in First Corinthians 7:32-34 that. I should wish you to be free of anxiousnesss. An single adult male is dying about the things of the Lord. how he may delight the Lord. But a married adult male is dying about the things of the universe. how he may delight his married woman. and he is divided . Bing celibate is neither unnatural nor against the Bible. Jesus and Paul practiced and advocated it in their times ; clearly. it is non incorrect. Catholic Priests are highly of import in today’s universe because they provide us with the seven sacraments: Baptism. Eucharist. Reconciliation. Confirmation. Marriage. Holy Orders. and Anointing of the sick. Bing continent aid priests to execute these sacraments in the most holy mode and with complete connexion to God. Unfortunately. in today’s universe the thought or subject of celibacy is going something that is really difficult for some to understand and pattern. even for priests. In her article entitled On the Verge of Ideological Mutiny: Celibacy and the Roman Catholic Priesthood. Cathleen M. Falsani said that. The argument about compulsory celibacy for priests rises ire and eyebrows. as the Roman Catholic Church experiences a intimidating deficit of priests and a worsening involvement in spiritual careers. while narratives of sexual injudiciousness and maltreatment abound ( 16 ) . It is true that today. many people blame celibacy as the chief cause of deficits to the priesthood and many argue that celibacy shouldn’t be forced onto person and alternatively be a personal pick. This issue takes a toll on the full Church and can endanger the handiness of the Mass and sacraments if deficits of priests continue ( 16 ) . Many besides take the Church’s position on sex as a negative thing in that sex is a bad thing and that its lone usage is to make kids. which is why many believe that celibacy is in topographic point for Catholic priests. harmonizing to Falsani and Bob McClory a former Catholic priest ( 16 ) . As Falsani points out. the Church has responded to this position with Blessed Pope John Paul II’s papal missive which stated that. The bosom of a priest. in order that it may be available for this service. must be free. Celibacy is a mark of a freedom that exists for the interest of service†¦ ( 17 ) . This truly is what celibacy for those in the priesthood is all about: it allows them to be focused and be married to the church and God in a manner that many merely many can non grok nor understand. It is about complete forfeit and giving of one’s ego for the greater glorification of God and Eden. which allows them to administrate and execute the seven holy sacraments in a manner that reflects Jesus Christ Himself and His apostles who followed Him and gave up their lives for Christ’s glorification. Yes. many of the apostles may hold been married ; however. they began to develop a greater love and significance to what it means to be a retainer of the Lord to others and to genuinely give up their lives in service to Him. Celibacy is non against Church instructions. Contrary to many people’s beliefs. it really helps beef up and reaffirm patterns within the Catholic Church and proves that life is possible without giving in to worldly desires. In his article Why Celibacy Makes Sense. Robert Barron says that. Celibacy†¦is a signifier of life adopted by people in love with Jesus Christ ( 19 ) . This is precisely what drives priests in their ministry and enables them to go on their work with great ardor and ardor. The Catholic priest is a individual who is able to turn out that being in control of one’s ain desires is possible. particularly in a universe that is filled with sex around every corner. They are able to be that bright visible radiation within the darkness that emulates Christ and His pureness and love. Imagine if Roman Catholic priests were all allowed to be married in today’s universe. This would non raise any superciliums like it does now ; alternatively. it would me rely be another thing that is among the norm in society. However. it is exactly because of this unnatural thing called celibacy that people do raise their superciliums at these holy work forces populating in a universe that urgently needs people to stand out and be different than what society expects them to be. This is precisely what Jesus did. He was person Who stood out like a sore pollex during His clip. but this allowed Him to take by illustration and demo everyone who turned their caputs that a life with Him and the Father was deserving life. no affair how different it was from everyone else’s in society. In The Theological Basis for Priestly Celibacy. the theologian Max Thurian writes. Observing celibacy for the interest of the land of Eden does non intend being any the less a adult male ; by abdicating a natural signifier of being. the priest discovers life in all its comprehensiveness. Jesus was surely no less of a adult male because he did non hold fondnesss other than those for his brethren. and a bride other than the Chu rch. This amounts it up really good: priests try to be leaders of work forces and are to the full committed and faithful to their bride. the Church. and to the flock of people that they curate to. The call to celibacy and the priesthood is a supernatural one. and one which the universe sees as unnatural. Contrary to popular belief. celibacy and the call to be a priest is non for those work forces who have no attractive force to adult females. because like everyone else. priests are human existences and work forces who still have wants. In his survey entitled Seminarians Today. Paul Stanosz writes that sociologists Dean Hoge and Jacqueline have reported that seminarists and immature priests view themselves as. Men set apart ( 19 ) . Many priests are work forces who truly wanted to hold a household and kids but decided to mind the call to give this desire and alternatively be male parents within the Church. The most of import tool for priests and seminarists to remain strong in their preparation and ministry is personal supplication. and Paul Stanosz writes that. When asked what they looked frontward to as priests. the pupils mentioned holding clip for personal supplication and for taking others in prayer ( 22 ) . The chief ground that seminarists and priests enjoy their personal supplication so much is that they are able to come in into a deeper supplication province because of their entire committedness to the Church and non to a married woman or kids. Celibacy is a pattern that allows priests and seminarists to be more affiliated with the Lord. and therefore they can bask prayer more and acquire more out of it. In fact. they can pull others to it every bit good. because of their mirroring of Jesus Christ’s life and their connexion to their alone naming. This truly makes Catholic priests Men set apart and is precisely what is needed in today’s universe and what needs to go on within the Roman Catholic Church ( 19 ) . As we have examined. celibacy is a subject that many do non understand because it is one that goes against the societal norms of today’s society. Ultimately. it is a really large forfeit and one that is necessary for Roman Catholic priests to efficaciously curate and be different from every other adult male in society. It is something that creates a alone bond between the celibate priest and his ministry and continues a tradition that has been handed down through history and advocated by the Church’s most outstanding leaders. As mentioned at the start of this paper from Father Kenneth Doyle. celibacy allows for priests to closely resemble Jesus Christ as the leader and theoretical account of the church. it allows for love to be and be present without being physical. and it allows priests to concentrate all their energy on the Church instead than on a household or kids. This committedness is really sedate in nature. Harmonizing to the Catholic encyclopaedia at newadvent. org. during the beginning of the priestly candidates’ ceremonial. the bishop tells them merely how important this committedness is by stating the followers: You ought uneasily to see once more and once more what kind of a load this is which you are taking upon you of your ain agreement. Up to this you are free. You may still. if you choose. bend to the purposes and desires of the universe. But if you receive this order it will no longer be lawful to turn back from your intent. You will be required to go on in the service of God. and with His aid to detect celibacy and to be bound for of all time in the reliefs of the Altar. to function who is to reign. This is what it means to be celibate: to travel against the grain and serve the Lord and the Church with all that one can offer as a priest and as a true adult male and adherent of Jesus Christ. Bibliography Barron. Robert. Why Celibacy Makes Sense. Commonweal 132. 14 ( 2005 ) : 17-9. ProQuest Religion. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. Celibacy and the Priesthood. Celibacy and the Priesthood. N. p. . 10 Aug. 2004. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Catholic. com/tracts/celibacy-and-the-priesthood gt ; . Celibate. The Free Dictionary. Farlex. n. d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thefreedictionary. com/celibate gt ; . Doyle. Father Kenneth. CatholicPhilly. com: News from the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Powered by The Catholic Standard A ; Times and Phaith Magazine. Explaining Celibacy for Latin-rite Priests. N. p. . 24 July 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //catholicphilly. com/2012/07/catholic-spirituality/explaining-celibacy-for-latin-rite-priests/ gt ; . Falsani. Cathi M. On The Verge Of Ideological Mutiny: Celibacy And The Roman Catholic Priesthood. Daughters Of Sarah 22. 1 ( 1996 ) : 16-19. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. Griffin. Patrick. Rites. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1912. 11 Sept. 2012 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. newadvent. org/cathen/13064b. htm gt ; . O’Malley. John W. Some Basics About Celibacy. America 187. 13 ( 2002 ) : 7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. Stanosz. Paul. Seminarians Today. Commonweal 132. 14 ( 2005 ) : 19-23. ProQuest Religion. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. Thurian. Max. The Theological Basis for Priestly Celibacy. The Theological Basis for Priestly Celibacy. N. p. . n. d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. vatican. va/roman_curia/congregations/cclergy/documents/rc_con_cclergy_doc_01011993_theol_en. hypertext markup language gt ; . The Catholic Holy Bible: New American Bible. The Catholic Holy Bible: New American Bible.

Challenges to foster a national identity during the Meiji restoration period.

There was a small island in the south of Japan where the Japanese imported goods from the Dutch, Chinese, and Korean nations, but there was little or no trade with any other country. Thus, the country of Japan was closed to outside influences, partly to maintain political domination control and to prevent the foreigners from stealing their gunpowder. In the mid 1860’s an American diplomatic fleet of steam powered battleships arrived and insisted upon the opening of Japanese trade with the US. The feudal Shogun government, however apprehensive of the threat to their control over the people of Japan, had no choice but to allow trade with the US. This opened the door for international trade and relations with the world beyond Japan for the first time in hundreds of years. I 1868, the shogun(the military leader) was forced to step down and the sixteen year old Emperor Meiji was â€Å"restored ,† so that Japan might catch up military with the West. There was the end of a relatively stable number of years of Shogun government called the Edo period. During this period a primary Shogunate (military dictatorship) was essentially running the government and the various different Samurai clans of the country were managed by this primary Shogunate, which was based in Edo (the city now known as Tokyo). Thankfully this particular military dictatorship was a relatively noble group monetarily, but their own noble and self-sacrificing way was actually part of what allowed the imperial family to take over the government of Japan at this rather pivotal moment. Essentially Meiji was the heir son of the imperial family and so those who stood to benefit from him being placed in as leader of the country helped to make it happen. The leadership of the Shogunate in Edo was handed over rather effortlessly as the Shogunate was apparently duped by Meiji and his supporters. Meiji’s primary supporters, of course, were leaders of some of the primary opposition to the Shogunate. This assertion of the leadership of an imperialistic family was known as the â€Å"Meiji Restoration†, yet it was not really a restoration as there had apparently never been a truly united Japan ruled in such a way before. Suddenly Meiji took over and any Samurai opposition to the changes was essentially stopped with force until the Samurai class was finally outlawed. The Meiji constitution was written as part of this â€Å"restoration† and basically fabricated a national identity for Japan. It also conveniently fabricated a nationalistic mythology which attempted to falsely present Meiji and his family as Shinto divinity. The result was a fanatical religious theocracy with a false history and deluded national patriotism. This ultimately led to the sad events of WWII and the immense disgrace of the Japanese people. It was essentially a nation-wide cult fabricated by politicians. Rationale: Westernisation influence in Japan during the Meiji Restoration Period: Political influence: In 1889, a constitution was promulgated which established a parliamentary government but left it accountable to the emperor rather than to the people. Administrative power was centralized in a national bureaucracy, which also ruled in the name of the emperor. There as a change in the feudal system. The classes were declared equal, so that samurai and their lords lost their feudal privileges, while the role of merchants began to be respected. Japan received its first European style constitution in 1889. A parliament, the Diet was established while the emperor kept sovereignty: he stood at the top of the army, navy, executive and legislative power. The ruling clique, however, kept on holding the actual power, and the able and intelligent emperor Meiji agreed with most of their actions. Political parties did not yet gain real power due to the lack of unity among their members. Economic influence: In order to transform the agrarian economy of Tokugawa Japan into a developed industrial one, many Japanese scholars were sent abroad to study Western science and languages and businesses, while foreign experts taught in Japan. The progression and improvements in education would boost the economy because of the increase in knowledge and skills. Industrialization created more importance on businesses and the prospering of them, than the farming and agrarian economy. After means of large governmental investments, the transportation and communication network in Japan were improved. The government also directly supported the prospering of businesses and industries, especially the large and powerful family businesses called zaibatsu. The large expenditures led to a financial crisis in the middle of the 1880s which was followed by a reform of the currency system and the establishment of the Bank of Japan. Thus, Japan’s economic grew tremendously during the Meiji restoration period. Education influence: A universal education was implemented. The education system was reformed after the French and later after the German system. Among those reforms was the introduction of compulsory education. Compulsory public education was introduced both to teach the skills needed for the new nation and to inculcate values of citizenship in all Japanese. This means that the money is going towards education, which goes to the people, and creates more capital, because of more knowledge. Military influence: There was a high priority for Japan in an era of European and American imperialism. Universal conscription was introduced, and a new national army modelled after the Prussian force was established, and a navy after the British force was established. Arts influence: In 1876, the government opened the Technical Fine Arts School (Kobu Bijutsu Gakko) and invited the architect Giovanni Cappelletti (d. ca. 1885), the sculptor Vincenzo Ragusa (1841–1928), and the painter Antonio Fontanesi (1818–1882), who was deeply influenced by the Barbizon school, to teach its students in Western techniques and media. Fontanesi’s students Yamamoto Hosui (1850–1906), Kuroda Seiki (1866–1924), and Asai Chu (1856–1907) all later travelled to Europe to study academic painting, and are looked upon today as the Meiji period’s greatest producers of Western style paintings (yoga). On the other hand, the government took the acquisition of Western art techniques as a means of fostering industrial development, as opposed to promoting an appreciation of Western aesthetics or art theory. This was to let the young Japanese gain appreciation for the potentially important role of the museum in society, and the establishment of Japan ’s first public museum at Yushima Seido Confucian shrine. Conder taught at the University of Technology (Kobu Daigakko). His students Tatsuno Kingo (1854–1911), Katayama Tokuma (1853–1917), and Sone Tatsuzo (1853–1937) were responsible for many of the major architectural monuments during the Meiji period. Education system in Japan during the Meiji Restoration period: School system reform: The reform of the school system has contributed the most to the enlightenment of the Japanese people. By the 1906, the school attendance was as high as 95%, which Japan boosted the one of the highest literacy rates in the world. The resorted Imperial government immediately realised the importance of universal education to the nation’s pursuit of modernisation and progress of Japan. Gakusei, a education system was implemented in the 1872 and the promulgation of the Imperial Rescript on education in the 1890, these laid the foundation for modern education system in Japan. The school system was then modelled after the westernisation. Universities established: Universities as well as technical and professional schools were established to promote higher education to meet the demands of a labour force. Except for the terakoya, small regional schools providing basic education, most traditional schools from the Edo period were almost exclusively reserved to boys belonging to the samurai class. Despite this, the level of literacy in the late Edo period was remarkably high, which no doubt paved the way for the Meiji educational reforms. Primary school: The nationalisation of the education system made primary school compulsory for both boys and girls. At first, the attendance was very low. However, after tuition was abolished for elementary schools in 1900, then there was an increase in attendance. Many things in the school was influenced by the westerners. Firstly, the school was furnished western-style were built throughout the Japan. Secondly, the school curriculum was also based on western models. This includes history, science, geography and arithmetic. Schools also continued to give moral instruction based on Confucian tradition, which encouraged patriotic loyalty and filial piety. Games like sugoroku, the New Year’s game, were used to introduce young children to the scripts in a fun way. The sugoroku board shown here illustrates the different steps a student must follow before earning a degree. Education in the Empire of Japan was a high priority for the government, as the leadership of the early Meiji government realized the critical need for universal public education in its drive to modernize and westernize Japan. Overseas missions such as the Iwakura mission were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading Western countries. After 1868 new leadership set Japan on a rapid course of modernization. The Meiji leaders established a public education system to help Japan catch up with the West and form a modern nation. Missions like the Iwakura mission were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading Western countries. They returned with the ideas of decentralization, local school boards, and teacher autonomy. Such ideas and ambitious initial plans, however, proved very difficult to carry out. After some trial and error, a new national education system emerged. As an indication of its success, elementary school enrollments climbed from about 40 or 50 percent of the school-age population in the 1870s to more than 90 percent by 1900, despite strong public protest, especially against school fees. By the 1890s, after earlier intensive preoccupation with Western, particularly United States, educational ideas, a much more conservative and traditional orientation evolved. Confucian precepts were stressed, especially those concerning the hierarchical nature of human relations, service to the new state, the pursuit of learning, and morality. These ideals, embodied in the 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education, along with highly centralized government control over education, largely guided Japanese education until the end of World War II. There are two different perspective to the modernization of Japan. Some Japanese think that it is a chance to achieve collective, national glory. However, others do not really encourage modernization. Change to them meant danger, decadence and loss of moral virtues. They fear of three areas: gender disorder, cultural concern and political disorders. Firstly, for the gender anarchy, the Japanese banned women from adopting short hairstyle in the 1872. It emerged again when the government sharply restricted women’s political activity in 18890. However, during the Meiji period, the primary duty of the women was to serve the twin roles of good wife and wise mother was not purely reactionary or restrictive. During the Meiji formulation, wise women needed schooling. This was to ensure that the mother raises the children well in a new era, thus the mother needs to be literate. They had to know something about the world beyond the home. â€Å"Good mother, wise mother† was aggressively promoted by the Japanese government that the women have to be educated. The imperial institution took part in the project to prescribe new roles of women for men. The imperial signaled that men should have western haircuts by adopting that style of him. While the hair of the women should be kept long and braided up. The women’s appeara nce was also influenced by the westerners. the westernized facial appearance encourages the women to stop shaving their eye brown and blackening their teeth. However, it was later changed with support from the throne in the face of western examples and criticisms. Secondly, the Japanese fear of political disorder. They fear that a restless populace might challenge their political control which led to the decision for a conservative constitution. It inspires for a call for scarification for the state in Imperial Rescript. It also inspired a spark for military drills in school. Thirdly, it is the open of the port to the outside world. Japanese fear that people from across the sea would poison the soul of the Japan. They fear that they would influence the Japanese or to convert them into Christianity and demolish their true identity and cultural, they fear the lost of their cultural. Due to the rapid modernization and adapting many things from the westerners, they start to fear that there is no unique identity of Japan. Thus a magazine â€Å" The Japanese† was published. The writer thinks that the nation followed a path towards the so-called civilized. They feared that it might â€Å"forfeit our nation national character and destroy all the elements in References: Websites: http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2130.html 21/4/11 , on the western influence on Japan. http://www.travel-to-japan.com/the-meiji-restoration/ (21/4/11), the background of Meiji Period. http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitLo.do;jsessionid=AA30BECF533CBA0ECFF8450FC71FF6C1?method=previewlang=ENid=12991 23/4/11, education system during the Meiji period. Challenges to foster a national identity during the Meiji restoration period. There was a small island in the south of Japan where the Japanese imported goods from the Dutch, Chinese, and Korean nations, but there was little or no trade with any other country. Thus, the country of Japan was closed to outside influences, partly to maintain political domination control and to prevent the foreigners from stealing their gunpowder. In the mid 1860’s an American diplomatic fleet of steam powered battleships arrived and insisted upon the opening of Japanese trade with the US. The feudal Shogun government, however apprehensive of the threat to their control over the people of Japan, had no choice but to allow trade with the US. This opened the door for international trade and relations with the world beyond Japan for the first time in hundreds of years. I 1868, the shogun(the military leader) was forced to step down and the sixteen year old Emperor Meiji was â€Å"restored ,† so that Japan might catch up military with the West. There was the end of a relatively stable number of years of Shogun government called the Edo period. During this period a primary Shogunate (military dictatorship) was essentially running the government and the various different Samurai clans of the country were managed by this primary Shogunate, which was based in Edo (the city now known as Tokyo). Thankfully this particular military dictatorship was a relatively noble group monetarily, but their own noble and self-sacrificing way was actually part of what allowed the imperial family to take over the government of Japan at this rather pivotal moment. Essentially Meiji was the heir son of the imperial family and so those who stood to benefit from him being placed in as leader of the country helped to make it happen. The leadership of the Shogunate in Edo was handed over rather effortlessly as the Shogunate was apparently duped by Meiji and his supporters. Meiji’s primary supporters, of course, were leaders of some of the primary opposition to the Shogunate. This assertion of the leadership of an imperialistic family was known as the â€Å"Meiji Restoration†, yet it was not really a restoration as there had apparently never been a truly united Japan ruled in such a way before. Suddenly Meiji took over and any Samurai opposition to the changes was essentially stopped with force until the Samurai class was finally outlawed. The Meiji constitution was written as part of this â€Å"restoration† and basically fabricated a national identity for Japan. It also conveniently fabricated a nationalistic mythology which attempted to falsely present Meiji and his family as Shinto divinity. The result was a fanatical religious theocracy with a false history and deluded national patriotism. This ultimately led to the sad events of WWII and the immense disgrace of the Japanese people. It was essentially a nation-wide cult fabricated by politicians. Rationale: Westernisation influence in Japan during the Meiji Restoration Period: Political influence: In 1889, a constitution was promulgated which established a parliamentary government but left it accountable to the emperor rather than to the people. Administrative power was centralized in a national bureaucracy, which also ruled in the name of the emperor. There as a change in the feudal system. The classes were declared equal, so that samurai and their lords lost their feudal privileges, while the role of merchants began to be respected. Japan received its first European style constitution in 1889. A parliament, the Diet was established while the emperor kept sovereignty: he stood at the top of the army, navy, executive and legislative power. The ruling clique, however, kept on holding the actual power, and the able and intelligent emperor Meiji agreed with most of their actions. Political parties did not yet gain real power due to the lack of unity among their members. Economic influence: In order to transform the agrarian economy of Tokugawa Japan into a developed industrial one, many Japanese scholars were sent abroad to study Western science and languages and businesses, while foreign experts taught in Japan. The progression and improvements in education would boost the economy because of the increase in knowledge and skills. Industrialization created more importance on businesses and the prospering of them, than the farming and agrarian economy. After means of large governmental investments, the transportation and communication network in Japan were improved. The government also directly supported the prospering of businesses and industries, especially the large and powerful family businesses called zaibatsu. The large expenditures led to a financial crisis in the middle of the 1880s which was followed by a reform of the currency system and the establishment of the Bank of Japan. Thus, Japan’s economic grew tremendously during the Meiji restoration period. Education influence: A universal education was implemented. The education system was reformed after the French and later after the German system. Among those reforms was the introduction of compulsory education. Compulsory public education was introduced both to teach the skills needed for the new nation and to inculcate values of citizenship in all Japanese. This means that the money is going towards education, which goes to the people, and creates more capital, because of more knowledge. Military influence: There was a high priority for Japan in an era of European and American imperialism. Universal conscription was introduced, and a new national army modelled after the Prussian force was established, and a navy after the British force was established. Arts influence: In 1876, the government opened the Technical Fine Arts School (Kobu Bijutsu Gakko) and invited the architect Giovanni Cappelletti (d. ca. 1885), the sculptor Vincenzo Ragusa (1841–1928), and the painter Antonio Fontanesi (1818–1882), who was deeply influenced by the Barbizon school, to teach its students in Western techniques and media. Fontanesi’s students Yamamoto Hosui (1850–1906), Kuroda Seiki (1866–1924), and Asai Chu (1856–1907) all later travelled to Europe to study academic painting, and are looked upon today as the Meiji period’s greatest producers of Western style paintings (yoga). On the other hand, the government took the acquisition of Western art techniques as a means of fostering industrial development, as opposed to promoting an appreciation of Western aesthetics or art theory. This was to let the young Japanese gain appreciation for the potentially important role of the museum in society, and the establishment of Japan ’s first public museum at Yushima Seido Confucian shrine. Conder taught at the University of Technology (Kobu Daigakko). His students Tatsuno Kingo (1854–1911), Katayama Tokuma (1853–1917), and Sone Tatsuzo (1853–1937) were responsible for many of the major architectural monuments during the Meiji period. Education system in Japan during the Meiji Restoration period: School system reform: The reform of the school system has contributed the most to the enlightenment of the Japanese people. By the 1906, the school attendance was as high as 95%, which Japan boosted the one of the highest literacy rates in the world. The resorted Imperial government immediately realised the importance of universal education to the nation’s pursuit of modernisation and progress of Japan. Gakusei, a education system was implemented in the 1872 and the promulgation of the Imperial Rescript on education in the 1890, these laid the foundation for modern education system in Japan. The school system was then modelled after the westernisation. Universities established: Universities as well as technical and professional schools were established to promote higher education to meet the demands of a labour force. Except for the terakoya, small regional schools providing basic education, most traditional schools from the Edo period were almost exclusively reserved to boys belonging to the samurai class. Despite this, the level of literacy in the late Edo period was remarkably high, which no doubt paved the way for the Meiji educational reforms. Primary school: The nationalisation of the education system made primary school compulsory for both boys and girls. At first, the attendance was very low. However, after tuition was abolished for elementary schools in 1900, then there was an increase in attendance. Many things in the school was influenced by the westerners. Firstly, the school was furnished western-style were built throughout the Japan. Secondly, the school curriculum was also based on western models. This includes history, science, geography and arithmetic. Schools also continued to give moral instruction based on Confucian tradition, which encouraged patriotic loyalty and filial piety. Games like sugoroku, the New Year’s game, were used to introduce young children to the scripts in a fun way. The sugoroku board shown here illustrates the different steps a student must follow before earning a degree. Education in the Empire of Japan was a high priority for the government, as the leadership of the early Meiji government realized the critical need for universal public education in its drive to modernize and westernize Japan. Overseas missions such as the Iwakura mission were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading Western countries. After 1868 new leadership set Japan on a rapid course of modernization. The Meiji leaders established a public education system to help Japan catch up with the West and form a modern nation. Missions like the Iwakura mission were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading Western countries. They returned with the ideas of decentralization, local school boards, and teacher autonomy. Such ideas and ambitious initial plans, however, proved very difficult to carry out. After some trial and error, a new national education system emerged. As an indication of its success, elementary school enrollments climbed from about 40 or 50 percent of the school-age population in the 1870s to more than 90 percent by 1900, despite strong public protest, especially against school fees. By the 1890s, after earlier intensive preoccupation with Western, particularly United States, educational ideas, a much more conservative and traditional orientation evolved. Confucian precepts were stressed, especially those concerning the hierarchical nature of human relations, service to the new state, the pursuit of learning, and morality. These ideals, embodied in the 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education, along with highly centralized government control over education, largely guided Japanese education until the end of World War II. There are two different perspective to the modernization of Japan. Some Japanese think that it is a chance to achieve collective, national glory. However, others do not really encourage modernization. Change to them meant danger, decadence and loss of moral virtues. They fear of three areas: gender disorder, cultural concern and political disorders. Firstly, for the gender anarchy, the Japanese banned women from adopting short hairstyle in the 1872. It emerged again when the government sharply restricted women’s political activity in 18890. However, during the Meiji period, the primary duty of the women was to serve the twin roles of good wife and wise mother was not purely reactionary or restrictive. During the Meiji formulation, wise women needed schooling. This was to ensure that the mother raises the children well in a new era, thus the mother needs to be literate. They had to know something about the world beyond the home. â€Å"Good mother, wise mother† was aggressively promoted by the Japanese government that the women have to be educated. The imperial institution took part in the project to prescribe new roles of women for men. The imperial signaled that men should have western haircuts by adopting that style of him. While the hair of the women should be kept long and braided up. The women’s appeara nce was also influenced by the westerners. the westernized facial appearance encourages the women to stop shaving their eye brown and blackening their teeth. However, it was later changed with support from the throne in the face of western examples and criticisms. Secondly, the Japanese fear of political disorder. They fear that a restless populace might challenge their political control which led to the decision for a conservative constitution. It inspires for a call for scarification for the state in Imperial Rescript. It also inspired a spark for military drills in school. Thirdly, it is the open of the port to the outside world. Japanese fear that people from across the sea would poison the soul of the Japan. They fear that they would influence the Japanese or to convert them into Christianity and demolish their true identity and cultural, they fear the lost of their cultural. Due to the rapid modernization and adapting many things from the westerners, they start to fear that there is no unique identity of Japan. Thus a magazine â€Å" The Japanese† was published. The writer thinks that the nation followed a path towards the so-called civilized. They feared that it might â€Å"forfeit our nation national character and destroy all the elements in References: Websites: http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2130.html 21/4/11 , on the western influence on Japan. http://www.travel-to-japan.com/the-meiji-restoration/ (21/4/11), the background of Meiji Period. http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitLo.do;jsessionid=AA30BECF533CBA0ECFF8450FC71FF6C1?method=previewlang=ENid=12991 23/4/11, education system during the Meiji period.

Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development - Essay Example 47). Thus development in an organizational context is dependent on some key theoretical aspects like: a) Leadership The main crux of any leadership effort is to motivate people to aspire to achieve a common goal and to extend to them the skills and the attributes that could make them work collectively as a team (Rost 1993, p. 39). A leader always has the ability and the potential to gets things done by others through following the right strategy and attitude. However, such attitude ought to rely predominantly on a feeling of respect for and trust on others and must avoid as far as possible, resorting to fear and submission (Rost 1993, p. 42). Hence, respect and mutual trust are the key elements of leadership. b) Motivation It is very common to come across the reality that varied personnel constituting an organizational team tend to have diverse purposes, goals and aspirations (Mackay 2007, p. 24). Not to say that the eventual success of any project is predominantly dependant on the c ollective commitment of all the team members to the envisaged goal. This is mostly a direct function of their levels of motivation. Motivation in an organizational context is a two pronged process. ... to be bound by a common sense of purpose, thereby extending maximum cooperation to the respective group members, the organizational leadership, the diverse stakeholders associated with the organization and the organizational administration (Lantz 2007, p. 12). Teamwork is always the final outcome of good team building and effective leadership. Team building efforts comprise of varied tasks like defining goals and targets, extending and establishing leadership, management of conflicts, and motivating the respective team members (Lantz 2007). Team building also consists of processes like encouraging the interpersonal behaviour that aids effective communication and negotiating the roles ascribed to respective team members and establishing the procedures that go with them (Lantz 2007). It goes without saying that the team building efforts in an organization are certainly bolstered by the ability of a team leader to solicit the backing and support of the top management. Team building is a lso to a great extent dependant on the ability of a team leader to come out with appropriate reward systems. d) Communication Most of the experts consider communication to be the single most important factor that could make or mar the eventual success of any project (Harris 1993). The success of a project to a great extent relies on the effective communication between team members, between team members and the leadership, and between a team and the diverse stakeholders associated with a project (Harris 1993). A hassle free and open communication is the way to success and achievement. Proper communication is the one potent way to better and improve professional relationships between the varied team members. Hence, a team leader ought to learn about the varied communication aspects of the

Blue ocean strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blue ocean strategy - Research Paper Example Due to these underlining causes, the strategy of BOS is offered high concentration by the organizations operating in this era, among many other rival players (Kim & Mauborgne, 2013). The product, Yellow Tail of Casella Wines of Australia needs to implement the strategy of Blue Ocean as it might prove effective in developing new markets as well as wide range of customers. Other than this, by implementation of Blue Ocean strategy, the organization of Yellow Wine might offer more concentration over wine market as compared to others. This strategy might highlights its market segments in a more effective way such as wine drinkers, easy to go drinkers like beer, cocktail, soft drinks etc as well as any individual desiring to attain a refreshing feeling. However, in order to increase its range of customers or to reach beyond the existing demand, extensive promotion or campaigns is essential. Other than this, the organization of Yellow Wine is implementing Blue Ocean in order to reduce driving cost by amplifying the values of the products. This might prove extremely effective for the customers, thereby amplifying their demand and loyalty over the brand among many other rival players. By doing so, maximum extent of the customers desiring to drink wine or beer might get attracted towards the product line that may increase its productivity in the market among others. Along with this, the position and loyalty of the product line of wine might also get improved to a significant extent. Hence, due to these underlining reasons, the organization of Casella Wines might try to implement Blue Ocean strategy so as to amplify its portfolio and brand value in this competitive market among many other rival players. So, the popularity and demand of Blue Ocean Strategy is increasing day by day. Red Ocean Strategy is a strategy used to compete with the existing rival players

Does Modern Technology Help Students Essay Example for Free

Does Modern Technology Help Students Essay Sample Essay 2 Question: Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly? Answer: Marvelous as it looks at first sight, modern technology does not help students learn information at greater speed and with higher efficiency in most cases. On the contrary, it works towards the opposite direction which led students to lose their initiative to learn and explore. First of all, one property of modern technology is latently harmful to any learning mind it distracts. One thing we feel about when we are searching for information online is that the internet, as an outstanding example of modern technology, provides us with not only relevant results to make use of, but also external links to click. More than once I turned on my computer to check school library for resources, but ended up watching Youtube videos. In this case, computer as a representative of modern technology plays a negative role in learning information. We do acquire more information with the convenient tool, yet most of them are irrelevant and in the end procrastinating would lower our learning. Also, students would easily become disoriented in the huge sea of information. Although modern technology could equip us with easy access to information, the huge amount of resources would actually leave us confused. Therefore, it is only we obtain information more quickly rather than we learn it more quickly. A telling example is my experience with a digital library which stores almost all the books I need. At first I enjoyed downloading them from the database, however, one month later I ended up with hundreds of books stored in my laptop yet none of them finished or ever clicked. Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusion that information and real knowledge is easy to learn just by clicking mouse or watching videos. But in fact this is only the first step towards useful information and effective learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive thinking, which are almost absent in the process of popular e-learning experience. To summarize, modern technology does not help students learn more information and learn it more quickly, though it does make access to information and resources much more easily. The popular e-learning still lacks the concentration, depth, and interaction that are the hallmark of traditional ways of education and learning.

Illegal Immigration Essay -- Immigration History

Illegal immigration is a grave issue that affects everyone in the world. Illegal immigration is the process of an alien, or non-citizen, who has entered a country without government permission or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa (Free Online Law Dictionary). The flow of illegal immigrants is almost entirely from countries of lower socioeconomic levels to countries of higher socioeconomic levels. Basically, foreigners tend to migrate from undeveloped countries to developed countries. Many from Africa, an undeveloped continent, illegally migrate to Europe, a developed continent, in search of opportunities. Similarly, many Mexicans illegally cross the American border every month in search of the American dream (The Telegraph, 2004; White, n.d). Each person has his way in how to immigrate to their new homes. For instance, in Africa, few decide to bribe the cops to show a blind eye to their actions, others pay about 3000 euro to trafficking organizations, and others decide to secretly get on commercial trucks and into Europe. Regardless of how immigrants get to their new homes, they decide to take a huge risk and leave their old home in search for a better life (Cornelius, et al., 1994). As a result, many leave or lose loved ones and possessions. Some immigrants leave their home country due to political or economic reasons; generally, choosing to immigrate to countries that are more technologically advanced, have abundant resources, and that offer more opportunities. Others that have a more futuristic perspective migrate to give their children better lives. In a few countries, such as the United States, children of illegal immigrants are automatically given citizenship. Eventually, once in a foreign country, illegal immigr... ...the crime rate in countries that harbor illegal immigrants has increased. In the US, for one, about 30 percent of all inmates are illegal immigrants (Illegal Immigration, 2008). Overpopulation is another issue that has resulted from illegal immigration. Overpopulation is now a growing issue because of illegal immigration (Cendrowicz, 2011). Annually, many illegal immigrants are crossing borders into countries around the world; mainly into the US and Europe (considered developed nations). This is a rising issue that should be prevented because overpopulation will become â€Å"the plague of the 21st century† (Wooldridge, 2003). As Arun Gandhi said (2003), â€Å"If massive population is so good, why is India so poor?† As a society, we should try to bring a halt to this increasing issue of illegal immigration and help our citizens by providing the best services and all we can.

Rural Marketing in India

RURAL MARKETING IN INDIA: In a market where life has revolved around deep rooted community values, joint families, and social customs and taboos (women, for example, are not allowed to wear trousers), marketers realize that the traditional routes of market entry and brand building employed in urban India are often not feasible. As Adi Godrej, Chairman of the Godrej Group, says, â€Å"The challenge [for brands] is to understand the [psyche] of the rural consumer, create better distribution, and [appreciate] the heterogeneity. In recent times, rural India has witnessed a wave of change. Dinesh Malhotra, general manager of Linterland (rural arm of Lintas), points out, â€Å"With media exposure and increasing literacy levels, people in rural India are now demanding a better lifestyle. † The educated â€Å"rural yuppie† (males in the 15-34 age group) is moving out to work in nearby towns and cities, and sending money home to his family. This has created an indirect increase in disposable incomes and a surge in demand for consumer goods. The rural youth are slowly evolving as â€Å"opinion leaders† in influencing brand and product decisions in a market that was swayed by village elders for centuries. When building a brand in rural India, word-of-mouth is a huge motivator. Focused brand-building initiatives—like participation at community events such as â€Å"melas† (village fairs), â€Å"haats† (markets), street theater, van campaigns, and puppet shows—generate positive word-of-mouth and influence buying decisions Cholayil Ltd. , a purveyor of the herbal soap â€Å"Medimix,† campaigned in mobile vans to promote its brand. We run a van campaign which visits the interior villages where there are no distributors. We halt the van at specific points [where village folks congregate and watch videos shown on these vans] and give out product samples. † However, contrary to claims of Medimix’s success, Malhotra believes that â€Å"van campaigns can be very expensive. [Al ternatively, promoting one’s brand] in large congregation points like village markets and fairs has a far wider reach, and is more cost effective. † Direct media promotions have helped build knowledge of product categories and change long-entrenched living habits. Colgate-Palmolive, a leading oral hygiene product manufacturer, entered the rural market at a time when â€Å"Neem† twigs (the Neem tree has herbal properties) and non-dentifrice products like ash, charcoal, or salt were the norm for brushing teeth (in fact in some rural pockets, this tradition still continues). In 2001, Colgate-Palmolive launched â€Å"Operation Jagruti† to educate villagers about oral hygiene and its benefits vis-a-vis traditional products like â€Å"Neem. † Through product trials and free samples, the company was able to generate awareness in this new market. On a similar note, CK Ranganathan, managing director of Cavin Kare, notes, â€Å"When we entered the rural areas in South India, people used to wash their hair with soap. When we launched the ‘Chik’ brand of shampoo we educated the people on how to use it through live ‘touch and feel’ demonstrations and also distributed free sachets at fairs. This strategy worked wonders in the rural areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh—two important states in India. Colgate and Cavin Kare have shown that communication is key when it comes to building brands in rural markets. As R. V. Rajan, managing director of the Anugrah Advertising Agency, adds, â€Å"To communicate effectively, it is important to understand the fears, aspirations, and hopes of the rural consumer. † Not to mention the traditions and stereotypes that have governed their lives for centuries. While communicating the brand message, marketers must realize that language plays a prime role. Though a large part of urban India is well versed in English (thanks to the British and modern television), in rural India, heritage plays a powerful role and regional languages are predominant. There are 15 regional languages, and 1600 dialects in India, and as one moves into the countryside, English is replaced with regional tongues. V. S. Sitaram, Dabur India executive director, explains, â€Å"Often people treat India as one big market, but the reality is that India is more like the European Union—a mix of different cultures, habits and languages. † Dabur is also considering the use of South Indian celebrities to propagate the brand message in South India. Marketing companies not only need to customize their communication, but in some cases they must also change their product names to match regional differences. Take toothpaste, for example: â€Å"Dabur’s Lal Dant Manjan† (red toothpowder in Hindi) was rechristened as â€Å"Dabur Sivappu Pal Podi† (red toothpowder in Tamil, the local language) for the South Indian market. Affordability of the product is also a critical success factor when building brands. A spokesperson from Tata Group, which retails the Sonata brand of watches to rural India, says, â€Å"[rural folks] think of a purchase in terms of how it serves their needs and how well its suits the family, rather than the individual. Products must be affordable and immensely practical. Furthermore, since the rural consumer often survives on daily wages, he engages in daily purchases. Several companies like Cavin Kare, Godrej, and Dabur adopted the â€Å"single use† sachet strategy, which has worked in their favor. As Byas Anand, Senior Manager, Corporate Communications, Dabur India, claims, â€Å"We introduced one-rupee sachets (2. 5 cents) for Dabur Vatika shampoo which resulted in doubling of volumes in the rural market. † Though pricing is important, rural consumers favor quality as well. For rural consumers, a purchase is a bigger investment than it is for the urban, veteran consumer. Hence, a particular brand will be rewarded only if it earns the rural consumer’s trust through consistent product quality. As R. V. Rajan says, â€Å"the rural consumer is conscious of value for money, and it might be difficult to convert him to a new brand. However, once converted he is fiercely loyal to the brand. † This issue will be a challenging one for corporations when they strategize their brand entry and decide how to balance pricing with brand quality. The challenge doesn’t end with just building brand awareness. While television and direct marketing activities help rural consumers learn about different brands, ensuring product availability is even more critical. Marketers in rural India claim that setting up a supply chain that reaches the remotest rural areas is extremely arduous given the infrastructure in the country. According to Harish Manwani, chairman of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), â€Å"The rural market [centers] are scattered over large areas and [their] connectivity to the urban centers is poor. To overcome the distribution challenge and increase penetration in rural hinterlands, HUL launched a unique operation called Project Shakti in 2001 (â€Å"Shakti† is a Hindi word which means â€Å"strength†). The project targeted rural women from existing self-help groups to work as â€Å"direct-to-home† distributors for HUL products, and helped the company break into a market they were unfamili ar with. Malhotra (Linterland) believes that, â€Å"While Project Shakti might have worked for HUL, it is not an established channel. Reasons like relatively high capital investment, gender roles, and taboos could present an upper limit to those sales numbers. According to Malhotra, a â€Å"hub and spoke† model of distribution is the â€Å"future. † As he explains, â€Å"We successfully adopted the hub and spoke model for Dabur India and it has worked very well. Here, feeder towns, primarily on the highways serve as hubs, where companies can rent a warehouse and stock their products. [Spokes are comprised of] ‘cyclist salesmen’ [who] then distribute products to small retail outlets in nearby rural pockets. † In short, customized and affordable products, effective distribution, and focused marketing initiatives are essential factors in building credibility for a brand in rural India. Brand awareness and trust will play a key role in combating the blitz of local copycat brands that are formidable competition. If marketers tailor make their brand building initiatives according to the dynamics of the rural market, it may no longer come as a surprise to see the rural Indian consumer sitting before a Samsung television, enjoying a bag of Frito-Lay potato chips, and drinking a bottle of Coke.