Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Sonnet - Essay Example Collins â€Å"Introduction to Poetry,† comprise of seven refrains. Collins opens the principal verse with the line, â€Å"I request that they take a poem.† This sentence contains three articles: â€Å"I† †the author or speaker, â€Å"them† †the audience members and â€Å"poem.† The artist desires to â€Å"take† the sonnet as an item and not simply output or read it. By contrasting â€Å"poem† as an item, Collins utilizes the illustration as the metaphorical language. Once â€Å"poem† is considered as an item; at that point it tends to be contrasted with some other articles. That is the reason one can see plenteous utilization of illustration for â€Å"poem† all through this work. In the subsequent line, the speaker asks, â€Å"and hold it up to the light† as opposed to requesting to understand it. Notwithstanding, when this line is combined with the third line, â€Å"like a shading slide† everythin g gets evident. Collins utilizes allegorical language analogy - the article â€Å"poem† is a shading slide. Obviously, projection of a shading slide must be finished utilizing light. The writer makes a solid symbolism in the principal verse that says one can see each of the seven shades of the rainbow in the sonnet in the event that one realizes how to hold it to the light and see it. The subsequent verse comprises of one line; Collins zaps the peruser with interest, â€Å"or press an ear against its hive.† He utilizes the allegory and looks at â€Å"poem† to a nectar drippy hive that creates a humming sound just as passes on both risk and expectation. The third verse, â€Å"I state drop a mouse into a sonnet, and watch him test his direction out† looks at â€Å"poem† to a â€Å"labyrinth.† The relational word â€Å"into† rather than â€Å"onto† makes the refrain inflexible characterizing â€Å"poem† as a three-dimensional item. Through this analogy, the writer expresses that one needs to comprehend the maze of the sonnet to receive in return. In the fourth verse, Collins utilizes twofold allegories; looks at the â€Å"poem† to a three-dimensional room and substance of

Cna Research

Reassessing Medical Nursing Aide Jane Roberts Instructor Mary Mooney October 4, 2012 What does life bolster hold for an individual who is living by innovation of a help for a machine? The individual who is sick doesn't get an opportunity of awakening and ready to carry on with a typical life. Some of the time individuals see life support as a lifeline which much of the time, it very well may be. For this situation on the off chance that it was me, and I needed to settle on a decision to take them off life bolster it would be a hard descsion on the off chance that you realize that there is a potential possibility they will never come to or be in a veggie state.Life bolster t is a mix of machines and treatments that cooperate to continue human life (www. livestrong. com). I realize that life support for some situation permit an individual who has been sick or in mishap to get up and continue with their lives for this situation Betty Jean, had punctured her heart and quit breathing twic e and had no cerebrum action, the specialist guaranteed Tony, there was nothing else they could done . In life we have descsion to acquire life this world not to take life.I can concur with guardians just as the spouse the guardians love their little girl and realize parent needs to lose a kid however the husband needs his better half taken off life support Betty Jean, likewise had a living will that expressed o ventilator. I imagine that Tony adored his better half so much and he followed her desires Betty Jean, had been a medical caretaker so she knew degree of what life bolster she additionally was dynamic in hospice so she knew the degree of life support.Tony needed to settled on an extreme choice; I figure he ought to of held up like the parents’ wished only somewhat longer there are a few sorts of life bolster choices rather it is ventilators or Nutrition and Hydration or (DNR) request which â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate. These are hard choices for anybody and it best not t o settle on this sort choices on your own.Betty Jeans, living will over force the parent’s rights however ethically I would have stood by as my very own result convictions it difficult to release an adoration one yet for this situation the spouse needed to settle on the last choices. REFERENCE PAGE Use alert in closure life support for cerebrum harmed, specialists state. (2011, U. S. News and World Report, , 1. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com; http://www. livestrong. com(2009)

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant bo ´rigärd [key], 1818â€"93, Confederate general, b. St. Bernard parish, La., grad. West Point, 1838. As engineer on the staff of Winfield Scott in the Mexican War, he figured prominently in the taking of Mexico City. He later did engineering work in Louisiana, and for five days in Jan., 1861, he was superintendent of West Point. Beauregard, resigning from the army in February, was soon made a Confederate brigadier general and was given command at Charleston, where he ordered the firing on Fort Sumter . Assuming command of the army in NE Virginia (June), he was second in command to J. E. Johnston at the first battle of Bull Run (July 16, 1861) and was promoted to full general. He was sent to the West in 1862 and succeeded to the command of the Army of Tennessee upon the death of A. S. Johnston at the battle of Shiloh . Ill health and friction with Jefferson Davis, whom he had criticized after Bull Run, resulted in his removal from command. A fter a rest he was charged with the defense of the South Carolina and Georgia coast, which he ably held against Union attacks, particularly those on Charleston in 1863. In May, 1864, Beauregard reinforced Lee in Virginia. He defeated B. F. Butler at Drewry's Bluff and held Petersburg against Grant until Lee arrived. In the closing months of the war he was in the Carolinas with J. E. Johnston. After the war Beauregard was a railroad president, manager of the Louisiana state lottery, and for many years adjutant general of that state. His superior engineering abilities overshadowed his deficiencies as a field commander. See his Mexican War reminiscences ed. by T. H. Williams (1956, repr. 1969); A. Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard (1884); biographies by H. Basso (1933) and T. H. Williams (1955). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biogr aphies

The rapidly changing roles in companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6691 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Business organizations in all parts of the world are changing very quickly. This is an important point for all effective managers. As respects to globalization and competitive markets in new century, organizations should continuously study their systems, structures and review their environment to verify their necessity integrity and adaptability with any changes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The rapidly changing roles in companies" essay for you Create order An organization becomes what its people become. So only the organizations which esteem human resources and social investments like building safe, warm and trustful atmosphere can survive. It seems that successful organizations pay more attention to their internal structure and integrity because of its worth. Proper organizational structure facilities the way organization must go to achieve their goals. In other words accurate structure can enable organizations to evolve in their life. In this research we would like to design the proper structure for one of the Iranian most reputable EPC Contractors in the fields of Water and Waste Water Industries. Although it has structure now, we want to verify it. For this purpose we study the organization in phases by several techniques to determine the organizations organic degree. Therefore we design the appropriate structure. Application of an organization chart is often to represent the relationship between the employees and identify th e managerial relationships clearly. Consequently our final is Top Chart for Shafab Company. Hypothesis Today Companies act in an unstable environment. Companies, whom want to have an acceptable market share, should change. Thus, the dynamic and changing environments that organizations face today require adaptation, sometimes calling for deep and rapid responses. Change management means to plan, initiate, realize, control, and finally stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level. Change is the continuous adoption of corporate strategies and structures to changing external conditions. Today, change is not the exception but a steady ongoing process. [12] Every business to growth and become development change is an essential process. Techniques that work in one organization may not work and even fail, in another organization within the same culture/country and countries. Since organizations differ in many ways, any change intended, for it to implement effectively should be congruent with the dynamism, complexity and uniqueness of an organization. Once an org anization has defined its desired state, it has to identify the appropriate leverage that would assist it move from the present to the desired state. This leverage could be organizational structure. This change in the organization could be called organizational restructuring. This will be followed by some of the process and people oriented strategic leverages. Here I attend to the organizational structure of the Shafab Company as a leverage of organizational change. As it will be explained in the organizational recognition, this company is faced to changes. It will be expanding its services and likewise its market. A need for some change based on future goals and marketing audition is felt. One of the most important elements of a successful organization which is facilitated the organization change, is its structure. To have an effective organization structure, managers should use authentic models to reorganize their organization. For evaluating the organization, here I use Richard L. Dafts model (it will explain in the methodology). In this model, according to the Mintzberg structures, the most important thing is to determine the degree of organic structure that a company needs. By studying present structure of the Shafabs organization and the nature of the company activities, it seems that it should have an organic structure. In this company many departments are in the direct control of the manager, so the structure is very flat. The organic/ mechanic degree of an organization is depending on several items. So to evaluate the degree, first the status of the company should evaluate in each context. To analyze the assumption, the degree of the organic or mechanic structure which is fit with the organization conditions should be computed. Finally the accuracy or inaccuracy of the assumption is shown in the result chapter. chapter1: LIterature review An overview Since organization and management science emerged in the early 1900s in conjunction with the industrial revolution, concepts of organizations function and the nature of them changed. [1] These concepts have grown in dynamic trend with in the organizations and institutions. In the twenty century many colleges, universities and other knowledge resources have focused on the management science and especially organization structures concepts. Success at the task would most likely depend on how well the consultant grasped some basic principals about organizations. This chapter provides a very brief description of the major concepts in the organization and management sciences, specifying key contributors in these fields of research. Some Basic Definitions There are three terms that have important impact on organization themes, and a useful frame for viewing an organizations needs. They are organization, organization structure and organization design. To study organization theory and design, first these terms should be defined. There are different definitions from this term. But one of the most credible and simple is the definitions which are mentioned in the Robbins book. An organization is a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. [2] The words consciously coordinate imply management. Social entity means that the unit is composed of people or groups of people who interacts with each other. People in an organization have some continuing bond. This bond, of course, does not mean lifelong membership. On the contrary, organizations face constant change in their membership, although they are memb ers, the people in organization participate with some degree of regularity. Organization wants to achieve something. This something is goals. In the people viewpoint, these goals may be unattainable. But if members of the organization work together, they can achieve the goals effectively. Another definition implies that: Organizations are 1) social entity that are 2) goals directed, 3) are design as deliberately structured and coordinated activity system, and, 4) are linked to the external environment.[3] The key element of an organization is not a building or a set of policies, and procedures. People are the most important element of an organization and their relationships have an important role in an organization success. As its demonstrated, the definition of Organization shows the need for formal interaction patterns of people in the organizations. Organization structure specifies how tasks to be allocate, who reports to whom, and formal coordinating mechanisms and inte raction partners that will be followed. [2] There is much different organizations structure. Some of them are defined Complexity, formalization and centralization as three components of organizations structure. These elements will define in the next chapters. The terms of organization design concerned with constructing and changing an organizations structure to achieve the organizations goals. [2] More specifically, Organization Design is a formal, guided process for integrating the people, information and technology of an organization. Organization structure helps organizations to achieve desired purposes. Through the process of organization design, they endeavor to improve the collective efforts of the members and guide them in the way which implies organizations to the success. Typically, design is approached as an internal change under the guidance of an external facilitator of the environment. Managers and members work together to meet the organizations needs most e ffectively. Organization theory From the previous definitions, it is not difficult to deduce what it means by the term organization theory. It is the discipline that studies the design and structure of an organization. It studies both descriptive and perspective aspects of the discipline. It focuses on how organizations are actually structured and offers suggestions on how they can be constructed to improve their effectiveness. [2] In the other word, Organizational theory (OT) is the study of organizations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders.ÂÂ   Broadly OT can be conceptualized as studying three major subtopics: individual processes, group processes and organizational processes. [2] The importance of organization theory But the important thing is that why study OT? Organizations are the dominant form of institutions in the society. People are born in the Hospital, and educated in the schools. Both of them are organizations. Organizations pervade all aspects of peoples life in the society. It is not unreasonable, then to expect people to understand this phenomenon that is so intertwined in the people lives. Even though people may have no desire to apply their knowledge, they may simply seek an answer to why organizations with which they interact are structured the specific way. At the more sophisticated level, people may want to replace their intuitive theories of organization with ones that have been derived scientifically and systematically. Almost every issue within OT can be cataloged as answer to one of the five followed questions: How do managers know if an organization is successful? What are the components of an organization? What determines the structure of an organiza tion? What option do managers have for designing their organization and when should each be used? How do managers apply knowledge of organization theory to the resolution of current management problems? Because of five questions are critical ones in OT, answers of them should be framework of OT. organizational EFFECTIVENESS The proper organization structure makes an organization effective. The way people and jobs come together and define their roles and relationships is an important determinant in whether an organization successful. Efficiency and effectiveness were originally concepts in the field of the industrial engineering that came of age in the early twentieth century. Some Management theorists like Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were the first group of expert which studied to improve efficiency. Work simplification also led to terminology like streamlined processes and efficiency experts, but the emphasis was still on time and motion. Effectiveness, means attaining the goals of organization. The concept of efficiency is the ratio of organizations outputs in related to inputs. Companies should measure organizational efficiency and effectiveness and should inform to their stakeholders like customers, suppliers, executives and process owners. These stakeholders should adapt themselve s to the organization desired results. There are different approaches to appropriate measure of effectiveness. There Early models of organizational effectiveness generally focused on a single criterion of organizational success. The most popular of these was profit maximization. Our final goal in designing the proper structure is increasing the amount of efficiency and effectiveness. The next figure can show the relation between effectiveness and organizational structure. Organizational Effectiveness Dimensions of organization design The next step to design an organization and its structure is to spot two important dimensions in the organizational design. These dimensions proffer a fit way to the organization in the context of personality and physical traits. Organizational dimension fall into two types: structural and contextual. Structural dimensions provide labels to describe the internal characteristics of an organization. These dimensions enable organization comparison. Contextual dimensions characterized the whole organization, including size technology, environment and goals. They describe the organizational settings that influences and shapes the structural dimensions. Contextual dimension can be confusing because they represent both the organization and environment. Contextual dimensions can be envisioned as a set of overlapping elements that underlie an organizations structure and work processes. Managers should consider both structural and contextual dimension to have a whole view of their organiz ation. In the following section of this chapter these two dimensions of organization design will be describe in detail. Contextual Dimensions Strategy Organization s in their lives try to accomplish something. Research have been identified a number of variables as determinants, some looking a great deal more promising than others. Strategy is now just on in the last set of variables. [2] As Robbins mentioned in his book, strategy is a plan for interacting with the competitive environment to achieve organizational goals. [2] Managers think of goals and strategic interchangeable, but here goals are define where organization wants to go and strategies define how it will get there. If a goal of an organization achieve 10 percent annual growth, companys strategy should adopt strong advertising to attract new customers, motivating salesperson to increase the average size of customer purchase, and acquiring other business that produce similar products. Briefly, strategy considers both means and ends. The goals and decision making of an organizations strategy may be planned ahead of time or may just evolve as a pattern in a stream of significant decisions. Either way, those advocates of strategy determines structure position perceive decision makers as choosing the structure they have. Strategy and structure Linking Structure to Strategy It will be noted that every one of the circumstances, either proximal or underlying , that gives rise to organization studies might equally well indicate the need to reexamine the basic strategy of the enterprise. One of good experience in this context is the experience of the McKinsey which indicate that strategy and structure should view to each other. Mangers would, however, give first priority to the mission, the goals, the commitments of resources, and the major programs that constitute the strategy of the enterprise. They would do so because in our experience the most serious problems of large enterprises are strategic rather than organizational. The failure to survive, to produce effectively, or to meet the aspirations of those who own or direct the enterprise is more often than not the result of bad strategic decisions: enterprises try to continue to operate on a scale that is no longer economic; manufacturers fail to produce a new produc t, or produce the wrong product at the wrong time; resource-based industries fail to protect their supplies or integrate forward to protect their markets; single market firms fail to diversify. Reallocating tasks, authorities, and information flow can, to be sure, improve organizational effectiveness by raising productivity and, at least temporarily, arresting declines in cost or profit performance. But the introduction of improved organizational forms rarely produces a dramatic change in organizational performance except as it makes possible new and superior strategic decision making. Organization design at one time was conducted in a static context. The tasks essential to the current business of the enterprise were identified and then aggregated in ascending hierarchical levels to form the classical pyramid. Today, however, no organization design for a large enterprise would be based solely on present operations. It is absolutely essential that it reflect any proposed change in th e basic mission of die enterprise and that it be fashioned in the light of top management goals and strategic programs. The analysis of organization structure, then, must begin with an understanding of die strategy of the enterprise. The analytical process itself is essentially the same whether the enterprise is diversified or homogenous, public or private, in an advanced nation or a developing country. [7] Historian Alfred Chandler studied the relations between a firms strategy, its environment, and its structure, and concluded that structure follows strategy. Specifically his findings suggest that a strategy diversification typically need for firm to decentralize. Chandler investigated thesis by analyzing the administrative histories of about 100 of Americans largest industrial enterprises. Information was obtained from such sources as annual reports, articles and government publications, as well as selected interviews with CEOs. [5] He found that a changing economic environ ment in American led companies to developed new strategies, which in turn necessitated new organizational structure. Thus, structure followed strategy. A strategy aimed at increasing volume and production efficiency led to an environment that was relatively stable and undifferentiated. Similar findings have been obtained in a developing country. Researchers collected from 30 manufacturing firms in India, a variety of industries that included chemical, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, machine tools, and soft drinks. They found that results of their study provide further evidences in support of a contingency theory of organizations. They could not include that dynamic, competitive market conditions necessitated decentralization whereas stable conditions necessitated centralization. However, they did find that the decentralized structure was more important for firms effectiveness when the environment was dynamic than when it was stable. [6] So it is clear that strategy affects stru cture. Choice of strategy affects internal organization characteristics. Organization design characteristics need to support the firms competitive approach. Strategy and structure theory As it noted previously, strategy is broad concept and every one can view it from different aspect. One of the most important strategy and structure theories which are used in this thesis, is the model which is developed by Miles and Snow. Miles and Snow study different type of the organizations in small or large corporations. Then they developed a theory which indicates that there is a very clear direction between organizations mission statement and the organizations corporate and functional strategies. Their classification of four strategic types, based on the rate at which an organization changes its product or markets, is currently most popular framework for defining strategy and impact on structural design. Four strategic types: Miles and Snow classify organization into one of the four strategic types: Defenders, prospectors, analyzers and reactors While their discussion centers on business firms, the categories they use probably have their counterpart in non profit organizations as well. In the figure Miles and Snows four strategies are described as falling along a continuum that ranges from a low to high terms of environmental change and uncertainty. [2] Miles Snow strategic approach Environment strategy continuum Management perceives little or no change and uncertainty in the environment under the defender strategy. The successful structure under such conditions should be designs for optimum efficiency. This efficiency can best be achieved through high divisions of labor, standardization of operations, high formalization, and centralized decision making. Organizations following a reactor strategy respond to change reluctantly. Management perceives some change and uncertainty, but they are not likely to make any substantial adjustment until forced to by environmental pressures. So this structure is likely to look very much like the one describes defender. Managers pursuing an analyzer strategy perceive a considerable degree of change and uncertainty but wait until competitors develop a viable response, and then they quickly adopt it. In the analyzer strategy, managers try to develop flexible structure for the new activities because their face stronger uncertainty. Finally, prospecto rs strategies require the greatest degree of structural flexibility. There is the lot of change and uncertainty, so structures should be highly adaptive. This would translate into low complexity, low formalization, and decentralized decision making. Organizational size and lifecycle Organization size In this section the question about the large versus small organization and how size is related to the structure will be answered. Organization size is a contextual variable that influences organizational design and functioning just as do the contextual variables technology, environment, goals. In the 1990,s Americans management argue, Peter Drucker, declared that the fortune 500 is over ; yet the dream of practically every businessperson is still to have his or her company become a member of fortune 500 list- to grow fast and grow large. Sometimes this goal is more urgent than to make the best products or show the greatest profit. Many observations identify that USA is entering new era of bigness. The reason is that, in the universal dimension companies can compete better. There are other pressures for organization to grow. Many executives believe that growth help organizations to become health in the economic aspect. To stop growing is to stagnate. To be stable means that cu stomers may not have their demands of fully or those competitors will increase market share at the expense of your company. Scale is crucial to economic health in marketing intensive companies such as Coca Cola. Greater size gives these companies power in the market place and thus increased revenues. In addition growing organizations are very exciting places to attract and keep quality employees. When the number of employees expanding, the company can offer many challenges and opportunities for advancement. Large versus small Organization feel completed to grow, how much and how large? What size organization is better poised to compete in a global environment? Large: huge resources and economies of scale are needed for many organizations to compete globally. Large organizations also are standardized, often mechanistically run, and complex. The complexity offers hundred of functional specialists within the organization to perform complex tasks and produce complex products. More ever, large organizations, once established, can be presence that stabilizes a market for years. Managers can join the company and expect a career reminiscent of the organization men of 1950s and 1960s. The organization can provide longevity, raises and promotions. Small: the competing argument says small is beautiful the crucial acquirements for success in global economy are responsiveness and flexibility in fast- changing markets. While the US economy contains many large organizations, researches shows that as a global tra des has accelerated, smaller organization had become a norm. Today fully 96% of experts are small business. The development of the Internet has provided fertile ground for the growth of small firms. In addition, the rapidly growing service sector, also contributes to a decrease in average organization size, since most service companies remain to be responsive to customers. Organizational lifecycle A useful way to think about organizational growth and change in the concept of an organization lifecycle, which suggest the organization are born, grow older, and eventually become die, organization structure, leadership style, and administrative system follow a fairly predictable pattern through stages in the lifecycle. According to this concept the sequential process is as follow: Entrepreneurial stage: When an entrepreneur builds a business or a company try to create a new product they devote their full energies to the technical activities of production and marketing. The organization is informal and non bureaucratic. The hours of work are long. Control is based on the owners personal supervision. Growth is from a creative new product or service. Crisis: need for leadership. As the organization starts to grow, the larger number of employees causes problem. The creative and technically oriented owners are confronted with management issues, At this time entrepreneurs must either adjust the structures of the organization to accommodate continues growth or else bring in strong managers who can do so. Collectivity stage: Is the leadership crisis is resolved, strong leadership is obtain and the organization beings to develop clear goals and direction. Departments are established along with a hierarchy of authority and job assignments. In this stage there are a few formal systems in the organization. The communication between the members almost is informal. The work hours are long and the employees spend much time to their organizations success. Crisis: need for delegation. If the new management has been successful, lower level employees gradually find themselves restricted by strong op to down leadership. An autonomy crisis occurs when to p management, who were successful because of their strong leadership and vision; do not want to give up responsibility. Top managers want to make sure that all parts of the organization are coordinate and pull ing together. The organization needs to find the mechanism of control and coordinate departments without direct supervision from the top. Formalization stage: This stage involves the installation and use of rules, procedures and control systems. Unlike the collectivity stage, the communications between employees are informal. Human resource specialist, different engineers and other staff may be added. Top management becomes with issue such as strategy and planning, and leaves the operation of the firm to middle management. Product groups or other decentralized units may be formed to improve coordination. Incentive systems based on profits may be implemented to ensure that managers work toward what is best for the overall company. Crisis: too much Red Tape. As this point to the organizations development, the proliferation of systems and programs may being to strangle middle- level executives. The organization seems bureaucratized. Middle management may resent the intrusion o f staff people. Innovation may be restricted. The organization seems too large and complex to be managed through formal programs. Elaboration stage: Team work is the best solution for the red tape crisis. Management develops skills confronting problems and working together. Bureaucracy may have reached its limited. Formal systems may be simplified and replaces by manager teams and task forces. To achieve collaboration, teams are often formed across functions and divisions of the company. The organization may also be split into multiple divisions to maintaining a small company philosophy. Crisis: need for revitalization. After the organization reaches to maturity, it may enter period of organizations decline. After twenty years of organizations life, this crisis may be occurred. In this stage, renewing is needful for every organization. The organization shifts out of alignment with the environment or perhaps becomes slow moving or over bureaucratized and must go through a st age for streamlining and innovation. Top managers are often replaced during this period specifications Entrepreneurial Non bureaucratic Collectivity Pre bureaucratic Formalization Bureaucratic elaboration Very bureaucratic Structure Informal, one person show Mostly informal, some procedures Formal procedures, divisions of labor, new specialties added Team work within bureaucracy, small- company thinking Products Single product or services Major product or service with variations Line of products or services Multiple products or services lines Reward and control systems Personal paternalistic Personal contribution to success Impersonal formalized system Extensive, tailored to product and department Innovation By owner manager By employees and managers By separate innovation group By institutionalized RD department Goal Survival Growth Internal stability, market expansion Reputation, complete organization Top management style Individualistic, entrepreneurial Charismatic, directing- giving Delegation with control Team approach, attack bureaucracy Specifications of organization lifecycle stages Technology There is general agreement among OT researchers about the definition of the technology in the organizations. As Robbins stated technology refers to the information, equipment, techniques, and process required transforming input to output. [2] There is also agreement that the concept of technology, despite its mechanical or manufacturing connotation, is applicable to all types and kinds of organizations. Regardless of whether the organization is a manufacturing firm, a bank, or a military squadron, it will use a technology of some sort to produce its product or service. Perrows model for assessing organization technology One of the major disabilities of technology assessments models was that they could not analyze service firms. Because service firms represent a large number of organizations, it is necessary to define the concept of the technology in the service companies. [2] Charles Perrow has a useful model in this case. As Robbins stated in his book Charles Perrow assumes that: the type of technology determines an organizations most effective structure and success in the market. [2]There are two dimensions for Perrows model: Task variability and task analyzability. Task variety means that a worker faced two how many exceptions in a work day. Task with high degree has analytical methods to do works. According to these two types there four types of organizations technology. These four forms are represented as follows: ROUTINE These types of the organizations are some like traditional manufacturing. There isnt any important exception in doing works. The tasks are completely analytical. CRAFT There isnt any important exception too but the outcomes are not predictable. An example of this type of organizations technology is to dissolve a extent problem with new methods. ENGINEERING In this type of technologies, people face to many exceptions, but the work is analytical. It means that there are standard methods to do things. Most engineers and accountants use this type of technology in their work. NON-ROUTINE It is characterized by many exceptions and poor comprehension. There isnt any accepted method to do things. The more routine the technology, the more highly structured the organization should be. Conversely, non-routine technologies require greater structural flexibility. Perrow then identified the key aspects of structure that could be modified to the technology: (1) the amount of discretion that can be exorcized for completing tasks, (2) the power of groups to control the units goals and basic strategies, (3) the extent of interdependence between these groups, and (4) using either feedback or the planning of others. The table summarizes Perrows predictions. Technology Formalization Centralization Span of control Coordination and control Routine High High Wide Planning and rigid rules Engineering Low High Moderate Reports and meetings Craft Moderate Low Moderate-wide Training and meetings Nonroutine Low Low Moderate-narrow Group norms and group meetings Environment Defining and measuring of the environment Scanning the external environment of an organization is the subject which is very important in most managements decisions. One the most usable theory in this context is contingency theory. The scanning process of the external business environment should be examined on the basis of systems theory, the phenomenon of human communication, and, finally, the classic research of Aguilar (1967) and Lawrence and Lorschs (1967, 1969, 1970) contingency theory. Through this approach, it is possible to arrive at a new organizational model, which can possibly clarify some conceptual issues in relation to scanning. Its primary conceptual issue is based on the assumption that all organizations are open systems and survive through their external environments. Finally, contingency theory attempts to explain the way organizations function under different conditions of the external environment. In other words, this approach arrives at the conclusion that the external environment within which an organi zation chooses to function, determines the internal structure, and the overall procedures of this specific organization. So, organizations with different external environment and different types of tasks need different structure. Management professionals in this context face to a question: which types of organizations characteristics are needed in order to effectively face the different external environments, such as the different markets, technological conditions, etc.? As a consequence, in the last few years, the researchers pay attention to the linkage between organization and its external environment, which is the scanning process. But, despite the fact that the issue of scanning is of vital importance to the viability of the organization, there are certain managers, who are trapped by the faulty assumption that somehow the external environment does not really matter so much since it cannot be controlled anyway. On the other hand, managers try to collect as much data as possi ble, are faced with a strong contradiction, which is the uncertainty of the fast changing environment. This uncertainty relates to all those external events that affect the organization. Therefore, I can safely conclude that the different kinds of hierarchies, organizational practices, and strategies, which have been developed in the past, do not seem to fulfill the needs, the demands and the provocation of the present. There is no doubt that managers who insist on scanning the environment through outdated organizational structures and practices sooner or later are led to the wrong conclusions about the state of affairs of the external environment. The recent developments in contingency theory and organizational development [31], despite the fact that they are on the right track, do not seem to move towards a deeper theoretical or conceptual inquiry of the phenomenon of scanning and communication. A model for evaluating environment In this section, common threads in the studied about environment will look. Since the goal is integration and clarity rather than merely the presentation of lots of diverse research findings, its important to seek some common ground in the environmental literature. One popular device for integrating the environmental literature has been to break environmental uncertainty down into two dimensions that can be depicted as a two- by two matrix with four cells. The two dimensions consider the degree of change and complexity in the environment and their impact on the managerial decision making. Environmental change ranges from static (where there is little change) to dynamic. The more dynamic the environment, the more it is difficult it is for management to accurately predict the probabilities associated with various decision alternatives. All other things being equal, management would prefer to face static or unchanging environment because it provides high predictability. Environm ental complexity refers to the number of external components that can influence the organizations operations. When it is simple, there tend to be few components that management needs to monitor, and the components tend to be homogeneous. Increases in complexity lead to decentralization, which enables the organization to more effectively and more closely monitor an expanding array of heterogeneous environmental components. A model for evaluating environment Organizations operating in static-simple environments (cell1) experience the least amount of perceived uncertainty in decision making, whereas organizations in dynamic-complex environments (cell 4) experience the greatest amount of perceived uncertainty. Researches, however suggest that however, suggests that the two dimensions do not have an equal impact on uncertainty. The test data, based on twenty two decision making groups in six organizations, revealed that the static-dynamic dimensions made the largest contribution to perceived uncertainty. Specifically, decision units with dynamic environment always experience significantly more uncertainty in decision making regardless of whether their environment simple or complex. Assuming the company wanted to asses an organizations environment, in terms of the degree of thee uncertainty it faces, how would managers go about it? Thats certainty affair question, but implies agreement on a measure of environmental uncertainty. Of co urse modifications will be necessary to reflect an organizations specific environment and domain in which it has a chosen to operate. Different researches show that organizations which face to the more complex and uncertain environment should be more organic in their structure and mechanistic structures are suitable for the statistic and simple environment. These conclusions align with the discussion of technology and structure in the previous chapter. Routine technologies operate in relative uncertainty, whereas Nonroutine technologies imply relative uncertainty. High environmental uncertainty or technology of a Nonroutine nature both require organic types structures. Similarly, low environmental uncertainty or routine technology can be managed more effectively in the mechanistic structures. Culture In 1980s, the concept of organizational culture was in common use. First researches focused on the organizations corporate climate, but later it replaces with the concept of culture. [9] Climate was redefined as the visible expression of organizational culture. There is no generally accepted definition of either concept. Organizational culture is said to mean, for example, an organizations values an organizations generally accepted system of meaning or an organizations operating philosophy despite the uncertainty of the concepts definition, the significance of culture is understood, particularly in the corporate world. Traditional mechanistic management models have been found to be inadequate and contrary to fundamental human nature. [10] Cultures Function There are a lot of different functions for the culture within the organization. First, we can different the organizations with their cultures. Second, culture creates an organizational personality for the members. Third, it makes commitment to the organizational interests. Fourth, culture improves the stability of social systems. Consequently, culture helps to create a mechanism to guide the employees attitude in the organization shape. Now the most important question here is that how can managers asset their organizations culture. There is no similar answer to this question. Some researches use quantitative methods to evaluate organizations culture, like Denison. [16] Some researchers, however, refuse to apply quantitative methods at all. According to Ernst, these divergent opinions are due to different perspectives on corporate culture. Apart from different underlying cultural paradigms, however, the decision to apply qualitative or quantitative methods can be made dependin g on the cultural level to be analyzed. For example, the measurement of deep elements is difficult via a standardized questionnaire. These cultural elements require the researcher to tap subconscious, but taken-for-granted, learned responses Therefore, qualitative analysis using in-depth interviews, case studies and observations are more likely to yield meaningful results. In this regard, it is more useful to discover the data about the organizational culture than the quantitative research methods, based on answers of organizational members to written questions, are more appropriate to measure organizational members perceptions of their organizational work practices. Thus, quantitative research methods tap facets of the surface level of corporate culture. A major advantage of using quantitative research methods is that it convert fuzzy concept of the culture to the reliable data. [16] This approach help specialist to compare the results. Second, from a practitioners perspective, is very useful to identify the gaps between the existing and the desired state of culture. For organizational development or culture change programs, it is an attractive tool to measure the impact and/ or progress of those initiatives. Literature often refers to a typology that has been suggested by Burns and Stalker who distinguish between mechanistic and organic organizations. Both terms mechanistic and organic describe organizational structures as well as organizational cultures. In the organic culture, communication is lateral. An example for this type of the vulture is that, employees from the RD department talk directly to their coworkers in the marketing department. In mechanistic cultures, communication is rather vertical, involving the boss or supervisor. Decision-making in organic cultures is not on the basis of the structural hierarchy. The employees have enough knowledge and experience to make decisions. Employees working in organic cultures have more opportunities to be more receptive and open to new ideas, technologies, or market insights than those working in mechanistic cultures. Finally, organic cultures are assumed to be more flexible in processing information and exchanging ideas and, thus, are more likely to recognize the potential of a (radical) innovation. The differences between both types are summarized in Table. Mechanistic Organic Communication Communication is vertical along hierarchical lines, largely from boss to subordinate, telling them what to do. Communication is lateral, allowing, for example, for marketing and engineering to talk to each other directly and more often. Locus of influence Influence rests more with those higher up in the hierarchy. Those with expertise of knowledge have the influence Job responsibilities Well- defined job responsibilities Job responsibilities are not well- defined, allowing for objectivity in receiving and evaluating ideas. Information flow Emphasis is on unidirectional top- down flow of information. Emphasis is on exchange of ideas and not unidirectional top down flow of information Conduciveness to innovation Least conductive to recognizing the potential of innovation Most conductive to recognizing the potential of an innovation. The differences between organic and mechanistic culture In addition to the mechanistic-organic dimension, Quinn and colleagues as well as Cameron and Freeman use a second dimension in order to measure corporate culture. This second dimension differentiates between a focus on internal orientation and integration and an emphasis on external orientation and differentiation. Together, the resulting four cultural dimensions, which are labeled clan, hierarchy, adhocracy, and market, constitute the competing values framework, which is illustrated in the next figure. Types of organizational culture in the competing values framework [17] The lower right quadrant market culture identifies an external and control (mechanistic) focus and emphasizes competitiveness and goal achievement. Employees in a market culture are expected to be goal-oriented producers. In the organization with market culture wants to maximize the productivity to increase their competitive advantage and to finally attain market dominance. The market culture type stands in direct contrast to the values that constitute the clan culture in the upper left quadrant of Figure. The clan culture has an internal and flexible (organic) focus and emphasizes cohesiveness, participation, and teamwork. Similar to a family, managers mentor the members task or parent-figures, and people share their personal values and goals. Clan cultures emphasize the development of human resources, team cohesion, as well as employee morale and commitment. In this cultures type, personal satisfaction is more important to the managers than the market share or other financial per formance. Hierarchy culture type identifies an internal and control (mechanistic) focus. The underlying set of values in a hierarchy culture put strong emphasis on formalized rules, procedures, and policies that govern employees actions in the organization. The strategic emphasis of a hierarchy culture is on stability, predictability, and efficient operations. The competing set of values is found in the adhocracy culture, which is depicted in the upper right quadrant of Figure. The adhocracy culture identifies an external and flexible (organic) focus and emphasizes entrepreneurship and creativity. The most important characteristics of this type of organizations culture are dynamic and creative workplace where individual initiative, experimentation, flexibility, and freedom are important. Its overall goal is to find new markets and new directions for growth, new technologies and new market opportunities As stressed by Deshpand, Farley and Webster, firms usually have several typ es of cultures. Thus, different business units of one firm may have different cultures. For assessment, the method of Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument is used according to this typology for culture. The assessment method will explain in the methodology chapter.

History Of Physical Fitness And Exercise - 1287 Words

The history of physical fitness and exercise. Physical exercise goes farther back than most people realize. People wouldn’t have thought of it as working out, but rather as a way of life. Centuries ago they did not have the machines and weights we have today, but yet people of that day were in better shape than the people of today. Physical development followed a natural path that was determined by the practical needs of life as well as the need to avoid threats and take advantage of opportunities for survival. To survive in a harsh environment filled with obstacles and human enemies, early man had to know how to run, walk, balance, jump, crawl, climb, lift, carry, throw and catch, and fight. Early man did not develop strength through†¦show more content†¦The Romans believed in having a sound mind, in a sound body. Physical culture started to rise beyond the bare necessities to become a means of an â€Å"art de vivre.† From the 5th century to the 15th century, the teachings of Christianity spread the belief that the primary concern of one’s lifetime was preparing for the afterlife. The body was seen as sinful and not important. Education was significantly linked to the church, and focused on training the mind rather than training the body. During the Renaissance Era there was a greater interest in the body, anatomy, biology, health, and physical education. In 1553 Spaniard Cristobal Mendez wrote El Libro del Corporal y Sus Provechos, the first book to explain physical exercise and its benefits. In Mendez’s book exercise, games, and sports are all analyzed and described from a medical standpoint, and informs on how to prevent and recover from injuries. In 1569 Mercurialis, and Italian physician, wrote De Arte Gymnastica. The book touched on the ancient Greeks’ and Romans’ approach on hygiene, diet, and exercise, and their methods on treatments for disease. The book included principles of physical therapy for the first time, and considered the first book on sports medicine, which influenced a wave of physical education and training methods that came to be in Europe two centuries later. In the early 19th century the rise of nationalism of many countries in EuropeShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Physical Fitness1208 Words   |  5 Pageswe look at the word physical fitness, what does it really mean? Physical fitness is a set of attributes that help you achieve appropriate levels of CRF, body composition, strength, and flexibility. It also linked to â€Å"an individual’s overall health and ability to perform daily tasks with adequate energy levels† (Howley Thompson, 2016). In other words, an individual’s fitness level is more than just being able to lift heavy weights or run a marathon. Overall physical â€Å"fitness† is made up of fiveRead MoreExercise Physiology : Exercise And Exercise1691 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Contents Exercise physiology 1 Purpose of report 2 History 2 Rules and Information 2 Positions in touch 2 Middle 3 Link 3 Wing 3 Recommended playing position 3 Energy systems 4 Fitness training program 4 My Recommendations, Evaluation conclusion 5 Fitness components 5 Bibliography 6 Exercise physiology Exercise physiology is a part of the biological sciences which have to do with how the body responds to exercise and training. 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Fear Free Essays

Fear is one of the leading reasons that influence people’s decision making in life. The dictionary defines fear as, â€Å"A feeling of agitation and anxiety caused by the presence or imminence of danger†. This feeling, present in everyone’s life at some point, is more influential than one might think. We will write a custom essay sample on Fear or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everywhere in the world today people live in fear, whether it is terrorism, robbery or something as simple as criticism, this feeling of fear causes people to do unusual things. In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, fear changes people’s reaction to events, affects a group of people differently from an individual, and controls the rumor â€Å"bin† that goes around their society. In The Crucible, fear was a weapon that was used by people to control and manipulate the citizen’s minds. People in this play had only one thing that they were afraid of: shame brought to their family’s name and punishment from a ruling authority, in this case court. For example, Reverend Parris, father of Betty, was holding back of telling the town citizens what was going on with his sick daughter. Parris feared how the citizens would react and take him down from the pedestal he stood on since witchcraft was still a possibility for his daughter’s obscure sickness. He could of told the people what was going on but, with fear, chose to change his reaction and not report it which came back to bite him in the rear. Fear, weather you disagree or not, affect a group of people differently from an individual. By doing so it makes people say things that are not true. When someone is told to confess or they will get hang or whipped to death, their fear of death pushes them to do whatever they can to avoid this consequence. As Elizabeth, Tituba, and Betty were into trouble from their superiors, they started lying by blurting out, â€Å"I saw Goody Hawkins with the Devil! †, â€Å"I saw Goody Bibber with the Devil! †, and â€Å"I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil†, and putting those people’s lives in danger without them committing a sin. When a society’s heart and mind is filled with fear, gossip and rumors start flying through about one another and cause people to turn upon each other. In The Crucible, reverend Hale goes visits the Proctor family and informs them about the rumors and how Elizabeth Proctor’s name came up about witchcraft. Both reverend Hale and John Proctor were afraid to tell the courts people that all the gossip and rumors they heard was a hoax. They feared that for Elizabeth’s sake, they were going to get in trouble for letting out the thoughts on their minds and in the case the truth. Agree or disagree, fear is in everyday life and people can agree it’s happened to them one point in their lives. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, it happened to everybody and it gave citizens fear and changed people’s reaction to events, affected groups of people differently from an individual, and controlled the rumor â€Å"bin† that went around their society How to cite Fear, Essay examples

Japanese Martial Arts Essays - Japanese Martial Arts, Combat Sports

Japanese Martial Arts The Martial Arts of Japan The martial arts have influenced Japan in many ways. Many of these arts have been passed down from ancient times and are still even practiced today. In my report, I will examine the major Japanese arts and tell how they have influenced Japan. First, however, I will give a little background for these arts. The original word for Japanese martial arts was bujutsu, or art of the military. This had more to do with physical techniques than philosophical and mental. The physical, mental and philosophical techniques were combined to create budo, or way of the military. Budo was also used to describe the code of the samurai in feudal days. Karate is actually a Japanese word meaning empty hand.(Nakayama 80) This applies that no weapons other than the hands are needed to attack or defend. Karate is categorized into four parts -- physical conditioning, self-defense, mental conditioning, and sport. A typical Karate tournament would include demonstrations of breaking, weapons use, self-defense techniques, tradition and open forms and the most exciting competition, sparring. Nobody is quite sure when Karate was created, but we do know that an Indian priest, Daruma, a brilliant doctor, Hua T'o, and a popular general of the Sung Dynasty, Yuen Fei, are considered its forefathers. We also know that it was developed in Okinawan islands from Chinese techniques and local innovations as a system of self-defense. In the 1920's, Gichin Funakoshi, an Okinawan schoolteacher taught a method of karate to Japan which caught on. Figure 1 - Sumo Warrior seen meditating before a battle Sumo in its early days tended to be violent with no holds barred. During the reign of Emperor Saga (r. 809-23) the practice of sumo was encouraged as a martial art and rules were established and techniques cultivated. It is impossible to determine whether the art of sumo is a completely native sport or whether similar forms of grappling from other parts of Asia and Eurasia influenced it. Grappling is a rather basic, instinctive sport practiced mostly by men. In fact, the first grappling match ever described went as so, 'lowly mortals grappled for quite a while until one finally rendered some devastating kicks to the other's stomach and solar plexus. The one who was kicked was mortally wounded, and the victor went cheered.'(Newton 103) The earliest written mention of sumo is found in the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), a book from the year 712. According to the book, about 2,500 years ago, the gods Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata grappled along the Japan Sea coast in what is now Shimane-ken, until the latter finally lost. Takemikazuchi, who is said to have established the imperial family from which emperors could trace their roots, gave control of the archipelago to the Japanese people. The Japanese did not keep any written records until the 8th century. This means it is impossible to know, aside from the legend, exactly when the art of sumo first developed in Japan. However, ancient wall paintings indicate the origin is very old. Jujitsu is a 3,000-year-old martial art. It originated from a blending of native sumo and fighting techniques in Japan with the soft aspects of Kung Fu from China. Jujitsu incorporates empty hand defense and offense as well as bone setting and healing techniques for use by the instructor to fix any injuries occurring during training. It is also the predecessor of Aikido and Judo. One popular style of jujitsu is Danzan Ryu (the Cedar Mountain System.) Seishiro Okazaki founded Danzan Ryu Jujitsu. He got tuberculosis and sought to build his strength in martial arts. Affecting a cure due to the 6 days per week workout, massage and healing by his sensei, he dedicated his life to study of Budo & healing. Another style of jujitsu is ninjitsu. Ninjitsu is the art of invisibility. Along with its jujitsu background, it can also be traced back to Chinese spying techniques. Ninjas were used in the sixth century to gain information about the enemy and sabotage his operations. However, we now call ninjas anybody who practices this art. Ninjas can be both male and female, but must possess three abilities. They must be a hunter, a wizard and a warrior. As with

Free Essays on Urban Problems

Contemporary cities across North America are in crisis, and Toronto is no exception. Growing poverty and homelessness, mounting waste, air pollution that impacts residents’ health as well as the environment, inadequate transit, and failing infrastructure are issues that council faces perennially while trying to redress decrease in financial resources. The challenges are enormous. This paper will examine some of the issues facing Toronto today and consider directions for sustainable solutions. A considerable problem facing Toronto is that of growing homelessness. The city’s solutions have invariably been short-term band-aid solutions that fail to address the underlying problem. The removal of the residents of Toronto’s Tent City in 2002 was accompanied by the offer to provide housing in the old Princess Margaret Hospital (Dunphy, 2000). However, the housing was emergency sheltering only, and under conditions that far below acceptable standards- inadequate toilet facilities, poor air flow, high infection rate for disease, and rampant violence (Crowe, 2000). In addition, the shelter spaces opened at the old Princess Margaret Hospital increased the total number for the city by only 320. There are between 40 and 50 thousand homeless in Toronto. While there are differing estimates of the increase in homelessness, the least dramatic is a rate of 40 per cent over a twelve-year period boom 1988 to 1999 (The state, 2001). The underlying problems remain unaddressed. Poverty in Toronto is on the increase- 8.3 per cent in the five years from 1995 to 1999, even as the city’s economy was experiencing a boom (Kalinowski, 2002). Economic policy shifts and downloading of services by higher levels of government without commensurate increase in municipal revenue sources (Pockets, 2002) have not only helped to create the city’s problems, they further serve to hamper its capacity to deal with them. However, the municipal level of government... Free Essays on Urban Problems Free Essays on Urban Problems Contemporary cities across North America are in crisis, and Toronto is no exception. Growing poverty and homelessness, mounting waste, air pollution that impacts residents’ health as well as the environment, inadequate transit, and failing infrastructure are issues that council faces perennially while trying to redress decrease in financial resources. The challenges are enormous. This paper will examine some of the issues facing Toronto today and consider directions for sustainable solutions. A considerable problem facing Toronto is that of growing homelessness. The city’s solutions have invariably been short-term band-aid solutions that fail to address the underlying problem. The removal of the residents of Toronto’s Tent City in 2002 was accompanied by the offer to provide housing in the old Princess Margaret Hospital (Dunphy, 2000). However, the housing was emergency sheltering only, and under conditions that far below acceptable standards- inadequate toilet facilities, poor air flow, high infection rate for disease, and rampant violence (Crowe, 2000). In addition, the shelter spaces opened at the old Princess Margaret Hospital increased the total number for the city by only 320. There are between 40 and 50 thousand homeless in Toronto. While there are differing estimates of the increase in homelessness, the least dramatic is a rate of 40 per cent over a twelve-year period boom 1988 to 1999 (The state, 2001). The underlying problems remain unaddressed. Poverty in Toronto is on the increase- 8.3 per cent in the five years from 1995 to 1999, even as the city’s economy was experiencing a boom (Kalinowski, 2002). Economic policy shifts and downloading of services by higher levels of government without commensurate increase in municipal revenue sources (Pockets, 2002) have not only helped to create the city’s problems, they further serve to hamper its capacity to deal with them. However, the municipal level of government...

Research Proposal on Inhalants and Children

Research Proposal on Inhalants and Children Research Proposal on Inhalants and Children SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION This paper contains a proposal on the research about the inhalants usage and its problem and how it affects children. The research question to be answered is why are children the most vulnerable group because they are the most affected by the usage of the inhalants? In many societies inhalants have been affecting the young children and not the old people in the society. There are many reasons as to why the children engage in the usage of the inhalants. These reasons can be defined through many ways. Inhalants are commonly used by the teens that later graduate and begin using other forms of hard drugs in the society. The reason is because they are readily available in the societies. THE LITERATURE REVIEW The research paper should be based on the analysis of different societies and why they engage in the usage of the inhalants. There are different numbers of products which are used at home and in the social settings which are commonly known as the inhalants. These products affect thinking capacities of the children and their social lives in the real sense. Most of the inhalants which are used today entail of products which are used on daily basis such as the paints, glue, fluid used for cooking, butane, gasoline, shoe polish and aerosols. These are the products which are readily found in the homes and which affect the social lives of the children. As a matter of fact, the children abuse the inhalants without the knowledge that these drugs have an effect in their lives. The literature review should also be able to cover the predisposing factors which lead the young children to abuse the drugs. Some of the reasons why the young children engage in the usage of the drugs include the peer pressure in their homes, influence from parents who abuse other types of drugs and also stress. These factors should be covered in the research paper and also be analyzed in a sequential manner so as to enhance the education of the drug involvement by the young children. As a matter of fact, inhalant abuse has social, cultures and spiritual impact to the users. The users are generally the children and they are later affected in their lives. Therefore, the parents have the mandate to educate their children so as to prevent them from engaging in life threatening activities. It is also a matter of general concern to the rest of the society. SPECIFIC POSITION The specific position of the research should be geared towards helping the children to understand that drugs are not important part of their social lives. The paper should also contain measures which are meant to ensure that the children have been deterred from the usage of the drugs. Some of the measures which are mentioned include the ability to be educated by their parents at homes and both in their schools. Risk factors which lead the children to abuse the inhalants should also be mentioned in this section. This is because risk factors contribute a lot in affection of the social and the long term usage of the inhalants. CONCLUSION The conclusion part should contain the general summary of the paper in terms of the negative impact of the drug usage. It is a common knowledge that the usage of the inhalants affects the normal behavior of a person and also extends to their health. This should be taught to the children so as to prevent them from being engaged in the usage of the inhalants. Inhalant abuse can expose a person to several complications which include interference to ones social wellbeing. One loses family and friends as they begin to indulge into inhalant abuse. This should also be prevented so as to protect the children from using the drugs. To sum up, the position of the researcher on inhalant abuse should also be highlighted in this part. SECTION TWO In this section of the research paper, the literature review on the usage of the inhalants shall be analyzed in a deeper context. There are three subheadings which shall be covered in this section; one of the headings is the characteristics of the abusers, their dependency and the patterns in which the children use to abuse the inhalants in the society. In order to write this information several articles have been summarized to come up with a logical conclusion. This enhances the general view of the inhalant usage in the society. Most of the findings in the research paper will come to a logical conclusion that if inhalant usage has been tamed at an early stage, it can be prevented and this will ensure that there is a society which is free from the inhalant abuse and usage in the society. USAGE PATTERNS There are many ways and patterns which are used by young children so as to get engaged in the usage of the inhalants. Some of the patterns include the usage of the inhalants in the social situations. These social situations include the peer influence between the ages of 6 to 14. Nevertheless, transient isolated use is another pattern which is used by the children who have a history in drug abuse. In particular, parents who have a history in the usage of drugs and tobacco, greatly influence the children to start using the inhalants. The teenage stage is the chronic stage where the children engage themselves in the usage of the inhalants. They should thus be prevented from using the drugs at an early stage because this leads to the exposure of more dangers. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABUSERS There are many signs and symptoms which are often used to test whether a person uses an inhalant or not. Some of the characteristics which are portrayed by all the inhalant users include the foul smell caused by the usage of different chemicals. Secondly, this often affects the mouth and other critical body parts. Parents should also be careful when handling the cases of their children because signs such as loss of appetite, anxiety and development of stress are a sign that the children have engaged themselves deeper into the inhalant usage. In summation, the dependency of the children to get the drugs should also be covered. Due to the basic fact that inhalants are found at home, they are often free. This is because children can have an easy access to them and thus use them without their parent’s knowledge. In addition, children often get the inhalants from their parents and their friends. Children should be deterred from the usage of the drugs so as to ensure that they are safe. This also answers the basic question why are the children the most vulnerable group. The reason is simple, they usually get the drugs freely. If you need a custom research proposal on Inhalants and Children feel free to get help with writing a research proposal for PhD or Masters paper from our highly qualified academic writers.

Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper 1 - Essay Example The spreading of foreclosure has still not halted as the unemployment rates at 9 percent is the worst happenings US economy ever witnessed. The BOA stock dropped almost 29 percent in the last year is the worst performance in its history. In fact, BOA themselves admitted that they had undermined the mortgage crisis. They are trapped in the falling home price vortex for that leads to more defaults and then to claims from mortgage investors. After second quarter results got public declaring $8.8 billion losses, share price spurted by 28 cents. The phenomena can be explained by not the fundamentals of the company but by the technical analysis as stock market tends to move in opposite direction (contrary to the expectations of masses) for a short while; however a long term direction of the market follows fundamentals that is what happened with BOA also as the stock price is currently, as on 7/25, down at $10.01 having picked $10.23 on 7/21. The long term movement of the stock price of BOA will depend upon how the mortgage market takes turn in the coming months. (Historical prices, 2011) The BOA is not a safe buy now for there are no clear signs of economic recovery in general and housing market in particular. Moreover, unemployment rate is still hovering around 9 percent for the last several quarters. Housing market will improve only when unemployment rate improves and thereby the fortune of Bank of America. Wells Fargo came out with the results of second quarter showing net income of $3.9 billion that comes to 70 cents a share. The earning was up by 29% from 55 cents a share when compared with the figure of a year ago and that is in spite of â€Å"no remarkable change† in economy at macro level; however the revenue was down by 4.7%. That is indeed a good showing by Wells Fargo. Wells Fargos quality of home portfolio can be gauged by its

MPH503, Infertility and Public Health, Mod 3 SLP Essay

MPH503, Infertility and Public Health, Mod 3 SLP - Essay Example It can be assured from evaluating what was in the program, whether or not it met all the standards but the only way to know for sure that the information was absorbed is to in some way ask, and a post test answers those questions. Secondly, it is needed to know whether or not the instructors established a rapport with the audience (Griscli & Jacono, 2007). This can be known early by assigning someone to watch the reaction of the audience during the education. If the speaker does not engage the audience, they will not appreciate and learn the material involved. This is also very important in participant satisfaction. Other things that need to be determined are participant satisfaction, whether the participant felt that the objectives were met, and participant relevance. These thing can be best determined by a survey given to the participants at the end of the program asking questions directly related to this (Chambers, 2008). It is a good idea to not give the credit for attendance until the test and survey are completed. This will give you better information. The one item that is difficult to evaluate is "are they able to take this information back to their units and put it into practice?" Leaders are finding this to be the most difficult answer to get. There are some ideas, such as having supervisors evaluate the use of the information or evaluating practice to determine if the newer ideas have been added. Any of these things are quite difficult and quite controversial at this time, however. This leads us to the recommendation that there be more concentrated study on how to insure that educational programs are used as well as learned. Though our program has traditional objectives, there may be a need to change how those objectives are written (buinesstraining) and how they are evaluated. In conclusion, evaluation of educational

Malaysia Fatal Road Accidents

Malaysia Fatal Road Accidents Introduction Background Latest accident data records, findings the fatal of road accident in Malaysia. The accident increase cause road death of it increase, it makes the tourist outsider afraid to drive and indirectly cause the negative effect in economy. The problem of deaths and injury as a result of road accidents is now acknowledged to be a global phenomenon with authorities in virtually all countries of the world concerned about the growth in the number of people killed and seriously injured on their roads. In recent years, the government of Malaysia has been one of the most fatal road accidents among the world. The main sources of data used for this study were United Nation Status Paper on Road Safety 2009, Malaysia and blog spot of Malaysia driving school. We study the fatal rate of road accident in Malaysia and national statistics published through online and other sources. We identify the research question in order to solve our management dilemma. That is â€Å"What are the causes of fatal road accidents in Malaysia?† Road safety considered as one of the social responsibilities of the Malaysian Government. In the sight of this responsibilities, various bodies concern about the road safety have been created within the government departments, voluntary organization and private agencies. http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/roadsafety/Reports2006/Malaysia_RSpaper.pdf Road death statistics in our country are at a very critical level. The number of road fatalities in our country has reached an â€Å"alarming† level, said Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (Miros) [director-general Prof Dr Ahmad FarhanSadullah] He was commenting on a report by the Paris-based International Transport Forum (ITF) which ranked Malaysia among 33 countries which had the highest road deaths at 23.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants last year.The accident increase cause road death of it increase, it makes the tourist outsider afraid to drive and indirectly cause the negative effect in economy. Habit such as failing to give the correct signals when turning, speaking on mobile phone when driving smoking are some of the reason.† by transport ministry parliamentary secretary Donald Lim Siang Chai http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F9%2F18%2Fnation%2F7061384sec=nation Expertise on relevant research ESCAPs mandate was broadened in 1977 by the General Assembly. The regional commissions have since then been the main UN economic and social development centres within the five different regions. The research comes with UN Status Paper on Road Safety 2009, Malaysia. TheUnited Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region. With a membership of 62 Governments, 58 of which are in the region, and a geographical scope that stretches from Turkey in the west to the Pacific island nation of Kiribati in the east, and from the Russian Federation in the north to New Zealand in the south, ESCAP is the most comprehensive of the United Nations five regional commissions. It is also the largest United Nations body serving the Asia-Pacific region with over 600 staff. Established in 1947 with its headquarters in Bangkok, Thailand, ESCAP seeks to overcome some of the regions greatest challenges. It carries out work in the following areas: Macroeconomic Policy and Development Statistics Sub regional activities for development Trade and Investment Transport Environment and sustainable development Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk Reduction Social Development Research Problem/Dilemma The accident increase cause road death of it increase, it makes the tourist outsider afraid to drive and indirectly cause the negative effect in economy. From the data recorded road death per 100000 inhabitant Malaysia get 23.8 people of death rate compare to KOREA 12.0, US 11.1 UK 3.8.Road death statistic in our country is at very criteria level. Malaysia is one of the highest death rates on road accident among the world. Research Objective Objectives The objectives of this report overview the fatal road accident in Malaysia. As we know that the accidents rate in Malaysia are rising, in order to solve the problem, we had identify the factor had cause the road accident. Road accident can be cause by driver behavior, equipment failure, roadway design, and poor roadway maintenance. Road accident can be cause by driver behavior, equipment failure, roadway design, and poor roadway maintenance. The major common reason of causing road accident in Malaysia is the driver behavior. Example, drinking alcohol is one of the main causes road deaths in Malaysia. Driving alcohol affects the driving skills and the driver may become fuzzy after drinking so that they will not able to concentrate when they are driving. Speed kill is also a serious case probably will cause by the young generation because most of them are immature. For example, when a car cut into their road land or provoke them, they will try to against it. Poor road maintenance can be a problem causing the road accidents and is the responsibility of the local highway departments because when there was a faded road sign at crossroads, turning point or others, it may confuse the driver go into the wrong way. Uneven surface of the road will also be the problem causes accident. Car equipment failure will also cause the road accident. Some of the cars does not maintain or repair especially tires. The pattern of the tires is use to resistance sliding. If the tires is old or spoil, this easily make the car lost control. Therefore, engine and break system is also an important part for the car. By not taking care of engine will cause car explore and break down of breaking system. Road designs will cause accident when there is a big flow of car and cause many places traffic jam during holidays. Therefore, the driver which has cannot slowly to wait for it. They are trying to turn left and right to cross the car and it cause accident and made heavier jam for the road. Search and verify the information throughout literature review Death Rate per 10,000 vehicles and per 100,000 people (2005-2009) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Vehicle* 14,816,407 15,790,732 16,825,150 17,733,084 19,020,000 Population** 26,130,000 26,640,000 27,173,600 27,728,700 28,310,000 Death/ 10,000 vehicles 4.18 3.98 3.73 3.68 3.55 Death/ 100,000 people 23.73 23.60 23.12 23.54 23.83 Pedestrian Death Rate per 10,000 vehicles and per 100,000 peoples (2005 2009) User Injury Type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Pedestrian Fatal 601 595 636 598 593 Serious Injury 747 711 672 617 613 Light Injury 2,175 1,493 1,430 1,184 1,171 Total registered vehicles and total population Total Registered Vehicle* 14,816,407 15,790,732 16,825,150 17,733,084 18,020,000 Population** 26,130,000 26,640,000 27,173,600 27,728,700 28,310,000 Pedestrian Deaths Rate Death/ 10,000 vehicles 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.31 Death/ 100,000 people 2.30 2.23 2.34 2.16 2.09 Collect data to verify the existing dilemma The data of death rate per 10,000 vehicles and per 100,000 peoples was collected from 2005 to 2009. The death rate per 10,000 vehicles was decrease from 4.18 to 3.55. And the death rate per 100,000 peoples was decrease from 23.73 to 23.83. Our group prepare power point slide to show that why there are a lot of accident causes in Malaysia, the reason is the driver, road, car and traffic problems. We analyze the cause of road accident show why driver, road, car and traffic problems causes accident. We also search and verify the information throughout literature review to prove the true to shows that accident causes a lot of life death in accident. We also collect data to verify the existing dilemma to shows how many people death in road accident. Literature Review Causes of accident in Malaysia 1.) Driver Driver is most causes of the accident, it because some driver who are tired, sleepy and feeling emotional should in fact not be driving at all. Its call Driver attitude. , drinking alcohol is one of the main causes road deaths in Malaysia. Driving alcohol affects the driving skills and the driver may become fuzzy after drinking so that they will not able to concentrate when they are driving. Speed kill is also a serious case probably will cause by the young generation because most of them are immature. Especially the person who drinking alcohol or taking drugs after, should not driving the car. Because when after drinking the alcohol or taking the drugs will feel unconscious, so in the way driving is very dangerous. Some of the driver turning a corner without giving the correct signal to mention the turning way, this may confused other driver suspicion is turning left or right. In this way, when other side car coming and does not know you want to turn, will causes the accident happen. The action when driver driving the car and pick up the call to speak and smoking is a big causes of accident. It is because when talking the phone or smoking, the driving concentration will switch to other action driver doing, so when not concentration driving may make mistake at the blind spot, the accident may happen easily. 2.) Road Not only the driver causes the accident, some of the accident is making by the road. It is because in Malaysia when you driving to anywhere sure can meet up some hold on the road, because the road long time using by the bigger lorry carrying with the heaver thing like container. So at the long time pass by on the road, the road will sink and become a hold. The government does not care about it the problem and when raining the water rush the soil under the road make the hold become bigger. When the night time, if the road got hold and does not put the signboard mention in front got a hold, driver did not know in front got a hold and may become high percent getting the accident. 3.) Car Condition of the car self also is a way cause of accident. When the car using a long period time, the part of the brakes, lights, signals lights, horn and other does not working well will make lose control. 4.) Traffic When come to the Chinese New Year, Hari Raya, Deepavali, Christmas or some specially public holiday, we can see the traffic jam at anyway. This time all family want rush back to hometown meet up with their family and sharing the happiness, but at the same time driver starting cannot waiting for the long time in the traffic jam and try to left and right continually cutting the car, so easily get accident too. Research Design It is a Pure research Purpose is explanatory Conduct the research by suing website, related research by professional. Time frame: 2000-2009 Environment: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (Miros) Instrumental development: Qualitative research to explore the nature of problem. Data collection design sempling design Research schedule At the April 18 our group leader starting distributes the part to every group mates. After giving the part to everyone, all go back home and find all the information about the research. In the April 22 leader collection all the information and data to check the information are correct or not or suitable for using in this assignment or not. At May 2 added all the information into the assignment, we start to meeting with doing survey and analyses the data. After done the assignment leader send a soft copy to all group mates and inform us doing self part of the power point to present. In the end of the last stage, at May 4 combined all the power point together and do a normal simple design on the every slide.

History of Sport Essay

The effect of sports on today’s world, particularly in the United States, is indeed profound. The history of sport has the potential to teach us a great deal about social changes and the nature of sport itself. Over the past twenty-five years or so, the field of history has expanded, embracing a broader view of historical topics and going far beyond political and military history in refiguring the historical paths of this and other nations (Nelson). Throughout the many years during the Pre-Colonial era, Colonial era, Industrial Revolution, Post Civil War, and the Twentieth Century, the sports industry was created with several factors affecting its formation. The Pre-Colonial era consisted of the time prior to 1500’s. During this time in North America, the land had been consumed by the Native Americans and their culture. Population was spreading widely across the continent. The people of this era were found to be genuine and quiet. Daily activities such as hunting, farming, running, and warfare slowly turned into more of physical activity and competitive games for leisure. Recreational play was seen as an outlet. Physical activity and games, more often than not, were linked to spiritual beliefs. Staying â€Å"fit† was essential. Common sports known during pre-colonial time were lacrosse, archery, and running. Colonial America started with the Puritans bombarding America during 1600-1800 A. D. to break away from the churches, religions, and beliefs. The Puritans were found to be extremely hard working which was a result from the motivation of staying alive. The Puritans were also widely known (and still to this day) of being very religiously involved. Games were considered to be â€Å"wicked† or sinful; such as gambling and drinking. Aside from the Puritans, sport marketing started to make an appearance during the Colonial era, leading to the growth of interest and participation in sports. Tavern owners were the first known sport marketers on record. Taverns would announce games and sport through posters and word of mouth. During this time the common sports were found to fit the lifestyle and culture; such as horse racing, running, arm wrestling, rifle, cockfighting, and boxing. Colonial America was the start to our sporting industry. The Technological & Industrial Revolution occurred along with the Post Civil War era during 1800-1900. Throughout these one hundred years the sport industry was growing rapidly along with technology, factories, immigration, companies, and educational systems. Due to the growth in technology and factories, citizens had more time and more money; therefore recreation was used to fill downtime causing our sport industry to grow further. Faster modes of travel started to develop and be more convenient, helping organized sports form. Immigrants added to the industry by introducing their sports to America as well. Modern spectator sports were on a rise such as boxing, running, and horse racing. However, the Civil War era negatively affected sports by slowing sport activities due to the lack of men and overall population in society. Once men started leaving for war more and more women took jobs that had once belonged to men, which was a huge impact on society as this was the first sign of equality between men and women (Nelson). The working structure was seen as â€Å"feminizing† society, sports helped to â€Å"masculine† society. Wealth was on the rise after the war forcing sports to become very class specific, and the upper class tried to exclude lower classes; Class and race were a deciding factor for accepted participation in sports. The first known organized sports team; New York Knickerbockers’ were a baseball club created in the 1840’s and Intercollegiate Athletics first event occurred in 1852, Harvard and Yale competed in a rowing contest. Society was soon hooked on sports. The era of Twentieth Century made the most dramatic century of growth yet for the sports industry. Sports became part of our educational system as organizations formed to work together creating codifications for different sports, improving equipment, and increasing social involvement. Sports were taken to a very serious level in the early 1900’s. In 1904 the NCAA was founded to hold conferences, regulate rules along with player eligibility, and made coaches from educators. Competitive sports led to changes in our educational system when it established physical education positions. These positions forced research into sports because of the need for better and newer physical education curriculum. At first, Females were allowed to be involved in sports at a noncompetitive level or to promote health. The participation of women in sports grew over time however, with society being the critical factor. Upper-class and middle-class women were absolutely restricted from playing sports as it was thought to not be â€Å"proper. † The National Football League was created in 1911 which turned out to be a major step in the development of sports as entertainment. In 1941 society’s values of class, sex, and race was evident when Joe Namath signed a contract for $400,000 while Curt Flood, a slave had a salary of nothing. In 1972, Title Nine was put into act guaranteeing no discrimination regarding sex for sport institutions. Transportation was even more advanced helping organized sports teams compete against one another. Television and newspapers impacted sports by airing sporting events, criticizing and critiquing each play, as well as displaying the opinion of the program broadcasters. The most popular, known, and leading sports network ESPN aired its first national NFL broadcast in 1987 (Giordano). ESPN started offering magazines, national sports radio, and satellite radio in 1992 in attempt to curve the educational desire of the sporting society. ESPN changed the culture of sports. The history of sport is most likely as old as the existence of man. Physical activity, games, and daily activities contributed to the creation of organized sports with codification. Throughout the many years during the Pre-Colonial era, Colonial era, Industrial Revolution, Post Civil War, and the Twentieth Century, the sports industry has proved several, very different, and unexpected factors affecting its formation. The sports industry is continuing to grow rapidly year after year, changing with society’s values and lifestyle. Works Citied Giordano , Peter. â€Å"The Evolution of ESPN. † SOP: News, Interviews, & More.. (2007): n. page. Web. 14 Sep. 2011. . Kindred. â€Å"Century is over†¦ get the lights. † Sporting News 224. 1 (2000): 63. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. McClung, Lisa R. , and Nancy E. Spencer. â€Å"Women and Sport in the 1990s: Reflections on ‘Embracing Stars, Ignoring Players. ‘. † Journal of Sport Management 15. 4 (2001): 318. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. Nelson, Murry. â€Å"Sports History as a Vehicle for Social and Cultural Understanding in American History. † Social Studies 96. 3 (2005): 118-125. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 13 Sept. 2011.